![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
A more recent version of this article appeared on February 1, 2002
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on June 22, 2001
Revised on October 26, 2001
Accepted on November 21, 2001
1 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Institute of Biochemistry, Universitätstr. 16, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Present address: Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada)
2 Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Frankfurter Str. 107, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: pante{at}zoology.ubc.ca.
Bidirectional transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm occurs through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) by a signal-mediated mechanism which is directed by targeting signals (NLSs) residing on the transported molecules or 'cargoes'. Nuclear transport starts after interaction of the targeting signal with soluble cellular receptors. After the formation of the cargo-receptor complex in the cytosol, this complex crosses the NPC. Here we use gold particles of various sizes coated with cargo-receptor complexes in order to determine precisely how large macromolecules crossing the NPC by the signal-mediated transport mechanism could be. We found that cargo-receptor-gold complexes with diameter close to 39 nm could be translocated by the NPC. This implies that macromolecules much larger than the assumed functional NPC diameter of 26 nm are able to be transported into the karyoplasm. The physiological relevance of this finding was supported by the observation that intact nucleocapsids of human hepatitis B virus with diameters of 32 and 36 nm are able to cross the nuclear pore without disassembly.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. G. Brohawn, N. C. Leksa, E. D. Spear, K. R. Rajashankar, and T. U. Schwartz Structural Evidence for Common Ancestry of the Nuclear Pore Complex and Vesicle Coats Science, November 28, 2008; 322(5906): 1369 - 1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. C. Patel, D. A. Giljohann, D. S. Seferos, and C. A. Mirkin Nanomaterials in Medicine Special Feature Sackler Colloquium: Peptide antisense nanoparticles PNAS, November 11, 2008; 105(45): 17222 - 17226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Wolf and M. R. K. Mofrad On the Octagonal Structure of the Nuclear Pore Complex: Insights from Coarse-Grained Models Biophys. J., August 15, 2008; 95(4): 2073 - 2085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Niu, D. T. M. Leung, C. H. Ma, E. C. Y. Law, F. C. H. Tam, and P.-L. Lim Cells That Produce Deleterious Autoreactive Antibodies Are Vulnerable to Suicide J. Immunol., August 1, 2008; 181(3): 2246 - 2257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Huve, R. Wesselmann, M. Kahms, and R. Peters 4Pi Microscopy of the Nuclear Pore Complex Biophys. J., July 15, 2008; 95(2): 877 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Breuzard, M. Tertil, C. Goncalves, H. Cheradame, P. Geguan, C. Pichon, and P. Midoux Nuclear delivery of NF{kappa}B-assisted DNA/polymer complexes: plasmid DNA quantitation by confocal laser scanning microscopy and evidence of nuclear polyplexes by FRET imaging Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2008; 36(12): e71 - e71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Engelsma, N. Valle, A. Fish, N. Salome, J. M. Almendral, and M. Fornerod A Supraphysiological Nuclear Export Signal Is Required for Parvovirus Nuclear Export Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 2008; 19(6): 2544 - 2552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N.-J. Hung, K.-Y. Lo, S. S. Patel, K. Helmke, and A. W. Johnson Arx1 Is a Nuclear Export Receptor for the 60S Ribosomal Subunit in Yeast Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2008; 19(2): 735 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. P. Kenney, T. L. Lochmann, C. L. Schmid, and L. J. Parent Intermolecular Interactions between Retroviral Gag Proteins in the Nucleus J. Virol., January 15, 2008; 82(2): 683 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Terry, E. B. Shows, and S. R. Wente Crossing the Nuclear Envelope: Hierarchical Regulation of Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Science, November 30, 2007; 318(5855): 1412 - 1416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Kramer, Y. Ludwig, V. Shahin, and H. Oberleithner A Pathway Separate from the Central Channel through the Nuclear Pore Complex for Inorganic Ions and Small Macromolecules J. Biol. Chem., October 26, 2007; 282(43): 31437 - 31443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Y. H. Lim, B. Fahrenkrog, J. Koser, K. Schwarz-Herion, J. Deng, and U. Aebi Nanomechanical Basis of Selective Gating by the Nuclear Pore Complex Science, October 26, 2007; 318(5850): 640 - 643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Milbradt, S. Auerochs, and M. Marschall Cytomegaloviral proteins pUL50 and pUL53 are associated with the nuclear lamina and interact with cellular protein kinase C J. Gen. Virol., October 1, 2007; 88(10): 2642 - 2650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. O'Brien, D. A. Gomes, S. Sehgal, and M. H. Nathanson Hormonal Regulation of Nuclear Permeability J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2007; 282(6): 4210 - 4217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Naim, V. Brumfeld, R. Kapon, V. Kiss, R. Nevo, and Z. Reich Passive and Facilitated Transport in Nuclear Pore Complexes Is Largely Uncoupled J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2007; 282(6): 3881 - 3888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Cohen, A. R. Behzad, J. B. Carroll, and N. Pante Parvoviral nuclear import: bypassing the host nuclear-transport machinery. J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2006; 87(Pt 11): 3209 - 3213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fillon, K. Soulis, S. Rajasekaran, H. Benedict-Hamilton, J. N. Radin, C. J. Orihuela, K. C. El Kasmi, G. Murti, D. Kaushal, M. W. Gaber, et al. Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor and Innate Immunity: Uptake of Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall into Host Cells and Cell-Specific Pathophysiology J. Immunol., November 1, 2006; 177(9): 6182 - 6191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Lill, M. A. Lill, B. Fahrenkrog, K. Schwarz-Herion, S. Paulillo, U. Aebi, and B. Hecht Single Hepatitis-B Virus Core Capsid Binding to Individual Nuclear Pore Complexes in HeLa Cells Biophys. J., October 15, 2006; 91(8): 3123 - 3130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Yang and S. M. Musser Nuclear import time and transport efficiency depend on importin {beta} concentration J. Cell Biol., September 25, 2006; 174(7): 951 - 961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Shahin, W. Hafezi, H. Oberleithner, Y. Ludwig, B. Windoffer, H. Schillers, and J. E. Kuhn The genome of HSV-1 translocates through the nuclear pore as a condensed rod-like structure J. Cell Sci., January 1, 2006; 119(1): 23 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Cohen and N. Pante Pushing the envelope: microinjection of Minute virus of mice into Xenopus oocytes causes damage to the nuclear envelope J. Gen. Virol., December 1, 2005; 86(12): 3243 - 3252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-K. Kim, K. C. Claiborn, and H. L. Levin The Long Terminal Repeat-Containing Retrotransposon Tf1 Possesses Amino Acids in Gag That Regulate Nuclear Localization and Particle Formation J. Virol., August 1, 2005; 79(15): 9540 - 9555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Sun, J. S. Trausch-Azar, A. Ciechanover, and A. L. Schwartz Ubiquitin-Proteasome-mediated Degradation, Intracellular Localization, and Protein Synthesis of MyoD and Id1 during Muscle Differentiation J. Biol. Chem., July 15, 2005; 280(28): 26448 - 26456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Guerra-Peraza, D. Kirk, V. Seltzer, K. Veluthambi, A. C. Schmit, T. Hohn, and E. Herzog Coat proteins of Rice tungro bacilliform virus and Mungbean yellow mosaic virus contain multiple nuclear-localization signals and interact with importin {alpha} J. Gen. Virol., June 1, 2005; 86(6): 1815 - 1826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Irwin, M. Aye, P. Baldi, N. Beliakova-Bethell, H. Cheng, Y. Dou, W. Liou, and S. Sandmeyer Retroviruses and yeast retrotransposons use overlapping sets of host genes Genome Res., May 1, 2005; 15(5): 641 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Zhang, C. D. Ragnauth, J. N. Skepper, N. F. Worth, D. T. Warren, R. G. Roberts, P. L. Weissberg, J. A. Ellis, and C. M. Shanahan Nesprin-2 is a multi-isomeric protein that binds lamin and emerin at the nuclear envelope and forms a subcellular network in skeletal muscle J. Cell Sci., February 15, 2005; 118(4): 673 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Maroto, N. Valle, R. Saffrich, and J. M. Almendral Nuclear Export of the Nonenveloped Parvovirus Virion Is Directed by an Unordered Protein Signal Exposed on the Capsid Surface J. Virol., October 1, 2004; 78(19): 10685 - 10694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Abu-Arish, D. Frenkiel-Krispin, T. Fricke, T. Tzfira, V. Citovsky, S. G. Wolf, and M. Elbaum Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Agrobacterium VirE2 Protein with Single-stranded DNA J. Biol. Chem., June 11, 2004; 279(24): 25359 - 25363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Smith and A. Helenius How Viruses Enter Animal Cells Science, April 9, 2004; 304(5668): 237 - 242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Payne, V. Rawe, J. Ramalho-Santos, C. Simerly, and G. Schatten Preferentially localized dynein and perinuclear dynactin associate with nuclear pore complex proteins to mediate genomic union during mammalian fertilization J. Cell Sci., December 1, 2003; 116(23): 4727 - 4738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. I. Kiskin, J. P. Siebrasse, and R. Peters Optical Microwell Assay of Membrane Transport Kinetics Biophys. J., October 1, 2003; 85(4): 2311 - 2322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Rabe, A. Vlachou, N. Pante, A. Helenius, and M. Kann Nuclear import of hepatitis B virus capsids and release of the viral genome PNAS, August 19, 2003; 100(17): 9849 - 9854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Teysset, V.-D. Dang, M. K. Kim, and H. L. Levin A Long Terminal Repeat-Containing Retrotransposon of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Expresses a Gag-Like Protein That Assembles into Virus-Like Particles Which Mediate Reverse Transcription J. Virol., May 1, 2003; 77(9): 5451 - 5463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lenart, G. Rabut, N. Daigle, A. R. Hand, M. Terasaki, and J. Ellenberg Nuclear envelope breakdown in starfish oocytes proceeds by partial NPC disassembly followed by a rapidly spreading fenestration of nuclear membranes J. Cell Biol., March 31, 2003; 160(7): 1055 - 1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. P. Torchilin, T. S. Levchenko, R. Rammohan, N. Volodina, B. Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg, and G. G. M. D'Souza Cell transfection in vitro and in vivo with nontoxic TAT peptide-liposome-DNA complexes PNAS, February 18, 2003; 100(4): 1972 - 1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Bickel and R. Bruinsma The Nuclear Pore Complex Mystery and Anomalous Diffusion in Reversible Gels Biophys. J., December 1, 2002; 83(6): 3079 - 3087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Nelson, R. C. Rose, and J. Moroianu Nuclear Import Strategies of High Risk HPV16 L1 Major Capsid Protein J. Biol. Chem., June 21, 2002; 277(26): 23958 - 23964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
