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A more recent version of this article appeared on February 1, 2002
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Submitted on July 9, 2001
Revised on November 5, 2001
Accepted on November 27, 2001
1 Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174 (present address: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 585 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200)
2 Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: sohaskey{at}socrates.berkeley.edu.
Dual-specificity protein phosphatases are implicated in the direct downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity in vivo. Accumulating evidence suggests that these phosphatases are components of negative feedback loops that restore MAPK activity to low levels following diverse physiological responses. Limited information exists, however, regarding their post-transcriptional regulation. We cloned two Xenopus homologs of the mammalian dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases MKP-1/CL100 and found that overexpression of XCL100 in G2-arrested oocytes delayed or prevented progesterone-induced meiotic maturation. Epitope-tagged XCL100 was phosphorylated on serine during G2 phase, and on serine and threonine in a p42 MAPK-dependent manner during M phase. Threonine phosphorylation mapped to a single residue, threonine 168. Phosphorylation of XCL100 had no measurable effect on its ability to dephosphorylate p42 MAPK. Similarly, mutation of threonine 168 to either valine or glutamate did not significantly alter the binding affinity of a catalytically inactive XCL100 protein for active p42 MAPK in vivo. XCL100 was a labile protein in G2-arrested and progesterone-stimulated oocytes; surprisingly, its degradation rate was increased more than two-fold following exposure to hyperosmolar sorbitol. In sorbitol-treated oocytes expressing a conditionally active 
Raf-DD:ER chimera, activation of the p42 MAPK cascade led to phosphorylation of XCL100 and a pronounced decrease in the rate of its degradation. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the regulation of a dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase during meiotic maturation and the adaptation to cellular stress.
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