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Vol. 10, Issue 11, 3539-3547, November 1999
and
Departments of *Molecular Microbiology and Toxoplasma gondii is a member of the phylum
Apicomplexa, a diverse group of intracellular parasites that share a
unique form of gliding motility. Gliding is substrate dependent and
occurs without apparent changes in cell shape and in the absence of
traditional locomotory organelles. Here, we demonstrate that gliding is
characterized by three distinct forms of motility: circular gliding,
upright twirling, and helical rotation. Circular gliding commences
while the crescent-shaped parasite lies on its right side, from where it moves in a counterclockwise manner at a rate of ~1.5 µm/s. Twirling occurs when the parasite rights itself vertically, remaining attached to the substrate by its posterior end and spinning clockwise. Helical gliding is similar to twirling except that it occurs while the
parasite is positioned horizontally, resulting in forward movement that
follows the path of a corkscrew. The parasite begins lying on its left
side (where the convex side is defined as dorsal) and initiates a
clockwise revolution along the long axis of the crescent-shaped body.
Time-lapse video analyses indicated that helical gliding is a biphasic
process. During the first 180o of the turn, the parasite
moves forward one body length at a rate of ~1-3 µm/s. In the
second phase, the parasite flips onto its left side, in the process
undergoing little net forward motion. All three forms of motility were
disrupted by inhibitors of actin filaments (cytochalasin D) and myosin
ATPase (butanedione monoxime), indicating that they rely on an
actinomyosin motor in the parasite. Gliding motility likely provides
the force for active penetration of the host cell and may participate
in dissemination within the host and thus is of both fundamental and
practical interest.
Cell
Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, Missouri 63110
Online version of this article contains video
material for Figures 1, 2, 5, and 7. Online version available at
www.molbiolcell.org.
Present address: Department of Molecular
Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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