|
|
|
|
Vol. 10, Issue 2, 471-486, February 1999
Reveals a
Role for Ligand in the Nuclear Distribution of the Receptor


§
*Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
20892; and
§Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W3
The human estrogen receptor
(ER
) has been tagged at its
amino terminus with the S65T variant of the green fluorescent protein
(GFP), allowing subcellular trafficking and localization to be observed
in living cells by fluorescence microscopy. The tagged receptor,
GFP-ER, is functional as a ligand-dependent transcription factor,
responds to both agonist and antagonist ligands, and can associate with
the nuclear matrix. Its cellular localization was analyzed in four
human breast cancer epithelial cell lines, two ER+ (MCF7 and T47D) and
two ER
(MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435A), under a variety of ligand
conditions. In all cell lines, GFP-ER is observed only in the nucleus
in the absence of ligand. Upon the addition of agonist or antagonist
ligand, a dramatic redistribution of GFP-ER from a reticular to
punctate pattern occurs within the nucleus. In addition, the full
antagonist ICI 182780 alters the nucleocytoplasmic
compartmentalization of the receptor and causes partial accumulation in
the cytoplasm in a process requiring continued protein synthesis.
GFP-ER localization varies between cells, despite being cultured and
treated in a similar manner. Analysis of the nuclear fluorescence
intensity for variation in its frequency distribution helped establish
localization patterns characteristic of cell line and ligand. During
the course of this study, localization of GFP-ER to the nucleolar
region is observed for ER
but not ER+ human breast cancer epithelial
cell lines. Finally, our work provides a visual description of the
"unoccupied" and ligand-bound receptor and is discussed in the
context of the role of ligand in modulating receptor activity.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Corresponding author. E-mail address:
hagerg{at}exchange.nih.gov.
Present address: Departments of Obstetrics and
Gynecology and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 27-139 CHS,
University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte
Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
N. Picard, C. Charbonneau, M. Sanchez, A. Licznar, M. Busson, G. Lazennec, and A. Tremblay Phosphorylation of Activation Function-1 Regulates Proteasome-Dependent Nuclear Mobility and E6-Associated Protein Ubiquitin Ligase Recruitment to the Estrogen Receptor {beta} Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2008; 22(2): 317 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. E. Damdimopoulos, G. Spyrou, and J.-A. Gustafsson Ligands Differentially Modify the Nuclear Mobility of Estrogen Receptors {alpha} and Endocrinology, January 1, 2008; 149(1): 339 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Pattarozzi, M. Gatti, F. Barbieri, R. Wurth, C. Porcile, G. Lunardi, A. Ratto, R. Favoni, A. Bajetto, A. Ferrari, et al. 17 -Estradiol Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation-Inducing Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1-Mediated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation: Reversal by Gefitinib Pretreatment Mol. Pharmacol., January 1, 2008; 73(1): 191 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Agler, M. Prack, Yingjie Zhu, J. Kolb, K. Nowak, R. Ryseck, Ding Shen, M. E. Cvijic, J. Somerville, S. Nadler, et al. A High-Content Glucocorticoid Receptor Translocation Assay for Compound Mechanism-of-Action Evaluation J Biomol Screen, December 1, 2007; 12(8): 1029 - 1041. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. M. Wittmann, A. Sherk, and D. P. McDonnell Definition of Functionally Important Mechanistic Differences among Selective Estrogen Receptor Down-regulators Cancer Res., October 1, 2007; 67(19): 9549 - 9560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Penttinen, J. Jaehrling, A. E. Damdimopoulos, J. Inzunza, J. G. Lemmen, P. van der Saag, K. Pettersson, G. Gauglitz, S. Makela, and I. Pongratz Diet-Derived Polyphenol Metabolite Enterolactone Is a Tissue-Specific Estrogen Receptor Activator Endocrinology, October 1, 2007; 148(10): 4875 - 4886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Nonclercq, F. Journe, I. Laios, C. Chaboteaux, R.-A. Toillon, G. Leclercq, and G. Laurent Effect of nuclear export inhibition on estrogen receptor regulation in breast cancer cells J. Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2007; 39(2): 105 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. B. Harvey, J. H. D. Bassett, P. Maruvada, P. M. Yen, and G. R. Williams The Rat Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TR) {Delta}{beta}3 Displays Cell-, TR Isoform-, and Thyroid Hormone Response Element-Specific Actions Endocrinology, April 1, 2007; 148(4): 1764 - 1773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J.-I. Huh, T. H. Qiu, G. V. R. Chandramouli, R. Charles, M. Wiench, G. L. Hager, R. Catena, A. Calvo, T. M. LaVallee, P.-Y. Desprez, et al. 2-Methoxyestradiol Induces Mammary Gland Differentiation through Amphiregulin-Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor-Mediated Signaling: Molecular Distinctions from the Mammary Gland of Pregnant Mice Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1266 - 1277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Kapoor, D. Nimmagadda, and J. J. Sheng Cellular Localization Studies on Human Estrogen Sulfotransferase SULT1E1 in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells Drug Metab. Dispos., January 1, 2007; 35(1): 17 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Padron, L. Li, E. M. Kofoed, and F. Schaufele Ligand-Selective Interdomain Conformations of Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2007; 21(1): 49 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. L. Arnett-Mansfield, J. D. Graham, A. R. Hanson, P. A. Mote, A. Gompel, L. L. Scurr, N. Gava, A. de Fazio, and C. L. Clarke Focal Subnuclear Distribution of Progesterone Receptor Is Ligand Dependent and Associated with Transcriptional Activity Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2007; 21(1): 14 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. M. Jaber, T. Gao, L. Huang, S. Karmakar, and C. L. Smith The Pure Estrogen Receptor Antagonist ICI 182,780 Promotes a Novel Interaction of Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} with the 3',5'-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein-Binding Protein/p300 Coactivators Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2006; 20(11): 2695 - 2710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Z. D. Sharp, M. G. Mancini, C. A. Hinojos, F. Dai, V. Berno, A. T. Szafran, K. P. Smith, T. T. Lele, D. E. Ingber, and M. A. Mancini Estrogen-receptor-{alpha} exchange and chromatin dynamics are ligand- and domain-dependent J. Cell Sci., October 1, 2006; 119(19): 4101 - 4116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Wu, H. Kawate, K. Ohnaka, H. Nawata, and R. Takayanagi Nuclear Compartmentalization of N-CoR and Its Interactions with Steroid Receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 2006; 26(17): 6633 - 6655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
X. Long and K. P. Nephew Fulvestrant (ICI 182,780)-dependent Interacting Proteins Mediate Immobilization and Degradation of Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} J. Biol. Chem., April 7, 2006; 281(14): 9607 - 9615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Vijayanathan, S. Venkiteswaran, S. K. Nair, A. Verma, T.J. Thomas, B. T. Zhu, and T. Thomas Physiologic levels of 2-methoxyestradiol interfere with nongenomic signaling of 17beta-estradiol in human breast cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 12(7 Pt 1): 2038 - 2048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Lipfert, J. E. Fisher, N. Wei, A. Scafonas, Q. Su, J. Yudkovitz, F. Chen, S. Warrier, E. T. Birzin, S. Kim, et al. Antagonist-Induced, Activation Function-2-Independent Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Phosphorylation Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2006; 20(3): 516 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Miyauchi, T. Michigami, N. Sakaguchi, T. Sekimoto, Y. Yoneda, J. W. Pike, M. Yamagata, and K. Ozono Importin 4 Is Responsible for Ligand-independent Nuclear Translocation of Vitamin D Receptor J. Biol. Chem., December 9, 2005; 280(49): 40901 - 40908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. M. Price, E. L. Hansen, and T. N. Oliver Immunofluorescent Localization of a Novel Progesterone Receptor(s) in a T47D-Y Breast Cancer Cell Line Lacking Genomic Progesterone Receptor Expression Reproductive Sciences, December 1, 2005; 12(8): 610 - 616. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Fan, A. Park, and K. P. Nephew CHIP (Carboxyl Terminus of Hsc70-Interacting Protein) Promotes Basal and Geldanamycin-Induced Degradation of Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2005; 19(12): 2901 - 2914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Farla, R. Hersmus, J. Trapman, and A. B. Houtsmuller Antiandrogens prevent stable DNA-binding of the androgen receptor J. Cell Sci., September 15, 2005; 118(18): 4187 - 4198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Takahashi, M. Ohmichi, J. Kawagoe, C. Ohshima, M. Doshida, T. Ohta, M. Saitoh, A. Mori-Abe, B. Du, H. Igarashi, et al. Growth Factors Change Nuclear Distribution of Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase or Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Cascade in a Human Breast Cancer Cell Line Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 4082 - 4089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. He, J.-M. Sun, L. Li, and J. R. Davie Differential Intranuclear Organization of Transcription Factors Sp1 and Sp3 Mol. Biol. Cell, September 1, 2005; 16(9): 4073 - 4083. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. J. M. Schaaf, L. J. Lewis-Tuffin, and J. A. Cidlowski Ligand-Selective Targeting of the Glucocorticoid Receptor to Nuclear Subdomains Is Associated with Decreased Receptor Mobility Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2005; 19(6): 1501 - 1515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. N. Feige, L. Gelman, C. Tudor, Y. Engelborghs, W. Wahli, and B. Desvergne Fluorescence Imaging Reveals the Nuclear Behavior of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor/Retinoid X Receptor Heterodimers in the Absence and Presence of Ligand J. Biol. Chem., May 6, 2005; 280(18): 17880 - 17890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Zemach, Y. Li, B. Wayburn, H. Ben-Meir, V. Kiss, Y. Avivi, V. Kalchenko, S. E. Jacobsen, and G. Grafi DDM1 Binds Arabidopsis Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Proteins and Affects Their Subnuclear Localization PLANT CELL, May 1, 2005; 17(5): 1549 - 1558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. F. Walther, E. Atlas, A. Carrigan, Y. Rouleau, A. Edgecombe, L. Visentin, C. Lamprecht, G. C. Addicks, R. J. G. Hache, and Y. A. Lefebvre A Serine/Threonine-rich Motif Is One of Three Nuclear Localization Signals That Determine Unidirectional Transport of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor to the Nucleus J. Biol. Chem., April 29, 2005; 280(17): 17549 - 17561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L C Murphy, B Peng, A Lewis, J R Davie, E Leygue, A Kemp, K Ung, M Vendetti, and R Shiu Inducible upregulation of oestrogen receptor-{beta}1 affects oestrogen and tamoxifen responsiveness in MCF7 human breast cancer cells J. Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2005; 34(2): 553 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Ruas, L. Poellinger, and T. Pereira Role of CBP in regulating HIF-1-mediated activation of transcription J. Cell Sci., January 15, 2005; 118(2): 301 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. E. Damdimopoulos, A. Miranda-Vizuete, E. Treuter, J.-A. Gustafsson, and G. Spyrou An Alternative Splicing Variant of the Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase Is a Modulator of Estrogen Signaling J. Biol. Chem., September 10, 2004; 279(37): 38721 - 38729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Sartorato, F. Cluzeaud, J. Fagart, S. Viengchareun, M. Lombes, and M.-C. Zennaro New Naturally Occurring Missense Mutations of the Human Mineralocorticoid Receptor Disclose Important Residues Involved in Dynamic Interactions with Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Intracellular Trafficking, and Ligand Binding Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2004; 18(9): 2151 - 2165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. Z. LU and J. A. CIDLOWSKI The Origin and Functions of Multiple Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Isoforms Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., June 1, 2004; 1024(1): 102 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Catalano, L. Mauro, S. Marsico, C. Giordano, P. Rizza, V. Rago, D. Montanaro, M. Maggiolini, M. L. Panno, and S. Ando Leptin Induces, via ERK1/ERK2 Signal, Functional Activation of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} in MCF-7 Cells J. Biol. Chem., May 7, 2004; 279(19): 19908 - 19915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. L. Arnett-Mansfield, A. deFazio, P. A. Mote, and C. L. Clarke Subnuclear Distribution of Progesterone Receptors A and B in Normal and Malignant Endometrium J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2004; 89(3): 1429 - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. L. Smith and B. W. O'Malley Coregulator Function: A Key to Understanding Tissue Specificity of Selective Receptor Modulators Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2004; 25(1): 45 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Ochiai, K.-i. Matsuda, M. Nishi, H. Ozawa, and M. Kawata Imaging Analysis of Subcellular Correlation of Androgen Receptor and Estrogen Receptor {alpha} in Single Living Cells Using Green Fluorescent Protein Color Variants Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2004; 18(1): 26 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Toth-Fejel, J. Cheek, K. Calhoun, P. Muller, and R. F. Pommier Estrogen and Androgen Receptors as Comediators of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation: Providing a New Therapeutic Tool Arch Surg, January 1, 2004; 139(1): 50 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Marsaud, A. Gougelet, S. Maillard, and J.-M. Renoir Various Phosphorylation Pathways, Depending on Agonist and Antagonist Binding to Endogenous Estrogen Receptor {alpha} (ER{alpha}), Differentially Affect ER{alpha} Extractability, Proteasome-Mediated Stability, and Transcriptional Activity in Human Breast Cancer Cells Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2003; 17(10): 2013 - 2027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. K. Kinyamu and T. K. Archer Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Proteasomal Degradation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Is Coupled to an Increase in Mdm2 Protein Expression Mol. Cell. Biol., August 15, 2003; 23(16): 5867 - 5881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Oltra, I. Pfeifer, and R. Werner Ini, a Small Nuclear Protein that Enhances the Response of the Connexin43 Gene to Estrogen Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 3148 - 3158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Dan, J. C. Y. Cheung, D. R. L. Scriven, and E. D. W. Moore Epitope-dependent localization of estrogen receptoralpha , but not -beta , in en face arterial endothelium Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): H1295 - H1306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Maruvada, C. T. Baumann, G. L. Hager, and P. M. Yen Dynamic Shuttling and Intranuclear Mobility of Nuclear Hormone Receptors J. Biol. Chem., March 28, 2003; 278(14): 12425 - 12432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. J. M. Schaaf and J. A. Cidlowski Molecular Determinants of Glucocorticoid Receptor Mobility in Living Cells: the Importance of Ligand Affinity Mol. Cell. Biol., March 15, 2003; 23(6): 1922 - 1934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Q. Lu, H. K. Surks, H. Ebling, W. E. Baur, D. Brown, D. C. Pallas, and R. H. Karas Regulation of Estrogen Receptor alpha -mediated Transcription by a Direct Interaction with Protein Phosphatase 2A J. Biol. Chem., February 7, 2003; 278(7): 4639 - 4645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. A. Rao, H. Cheng, A. N. Quayle, H. Nishitani, C. C. Nelson, and P. S. Rennie RanBPM, a Nuclear Protein That Interacts with and Regulates Transcriptional Activity of Androgen Receptor and Glucocorticoid Receptor J. Biol. Chem., December 6, 2002; 277(50): 48020 - 48027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Ruas, L. Poellinger, and T. Pereira Functional Analysis of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1alpha -mediated Transactivation. IDENTIFICATION OF AMINO ACID RESIDUES CRITICAL FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION AND/OR INTERACTION WITH CREB-BINDING PROTEIN J. Biol. Chem., October 4, 2002; 277(41): 38723 - 38730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K.-i. Matsuda, I. Ochiai, M. Nishi, and M. Kawata Colocalization and Ligand-Dependent Discrete Distribution of the Estrogen Receptor (ER){alpha} and ER{beta} Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2002; 16(10): 2215 - 2230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Zhao, K. Goto, M. Saitoh, T. Yanase, M. Nomura, T. Okabe, R. Takayanagi, and H. Nawata Activation Function-1 Domain of Androgen Receptor Contributes to the Interaction between Subnuclear Splicing Factor Compartment and Nuclear Receptor Compartment. IDENTIFICATION OF THE p102 U5 SMALL NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN PARTICLE-BINDING PROTEIN AS A COACTIVATOR FOR THE RECEPTOR J. Biol. Chem., August 9, 2002; 277(33): 30031 - 30039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. B. DeFranco Navigating Steroid Hormone Receptors through the Nuclear Compartment Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2002; 16(7): 1449 - 1455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. C. Nye, R. R. Rajendran, D. L. Stenoien, M. A. Mancini, B. S. Katzenellenbogen, and A. S. Belmont Alteration of Large-Scale Chromatin Structure by Estrogen Receptor Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2002; 22(10): 3437 - 3449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. J. Mulholland, H. Cheng, K. Reid, P. S. Rennie, and C. C. Nelson The Androgen Receptor Can Promote beta -Catenin Nuclear Translocation Independently of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli J. Biol. Chem., May 10, 2002; 277(20): 17933 - 17943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Saitoh, R. Takayanagi, K. Goto, A. Fukamizu, A. Tomura, T. Yanase, and H. Nawata The Presence of Both the Amino- and Carboxyl-Terminal Domains in the AR Is Essential for the Completion of a Transcriptionally Active Form with Coactivators and Intranuclear Compartmentalization Common to the Steroid Hormone Receptors: A Three-Dimensional Imaging Study Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2002; 16(4): 694 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. V. Weatherman, C.-Y. Chang, N. J. Clegg, D. C. Carroll, R. N. Day, J. D. Baxter, D. P. McDonnell, T. S. Scanlan, and F. Schaufele Ligand-Selective Interactions of ER Detected in Living Cells by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2002; 16(3): 487 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. AEsoy, G. Mellgren, K.-I. Morohashi, and J. Lund Activation of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Increases the Protein Level of Steroidogenic Factor-1 Endocrinology, January 1, 2002; 143(1): 295 - 303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. K. ROY, R. K. TYAGI, C. S. SONG, Y. LAVROVSKY, S. C. AHN, T.-S. OH, and B. CHATTERJEE Androgen Receptor: Structural Domains and Functional Dynamics after Ligand-Receptor Interaction Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., December 1, 2001; 949(1): 44 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Mackem, C. T. Baumann, and G. L. Hager A Glucocorticoid/Retinoic Acid Receptor Chimera That Displays Cytoplasmic/Nuclear Translocation in Response to Retinoic Acid. A REAL TIME SENSING ASSAY FOR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR LIGANDS J. Biol. Chem., November 30, 2001; 276(49): 45501 - 45504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. L. Sunn, T.-A. Cock, L. A. Crofts, J. A. Eisman, and E. M. Gardiner Novel N-Terminal Variant of Human VDR Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2001; 15(9): 1599 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. L. Stenoien, A. C. Nye, M. G. Mancini, K. Patel, M. Dutertre, B. W. O'Malley, C. L. Smith, A. S. Belmont, and M. A. Mancini Ligand-Mediated Assembly and Real-Time Cellular Dynamics of Estrogen Receptor {alpha}-Coactivator Complexes in Living Cells Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 2001; 21(13): 4404 - 4412. [Abstract] [Full Text] |