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Vol. 10, Issue 2, 471-486, February 1999
Reveals a
Role for Ligand in the Nuclear Distribution of the Receptor
§
*Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
20892; and
§Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W3
The human estrogen receptor 
(ER ) has been tagged at its
amino terminus with the S65T variant of the green fluorescent protein
(GFP), allowing subcellular trafficking and localization to be observed
in living cells by fluorescence microscopy. The tagged receptor,
GFP-ER, is functional as a ligand-dependent transcription factor,
responds to both agonist and antagonist ligands, and can associate with
the nuclear matrix. Its cellular localization was analyzed in four
human breast cancer epithelial cell lines, two ER+ (MCF7 and T47D) and
two ER
(MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435A), under a variety of ligand
conditions. In all cell lines, GFP-ER is observed only in the nucleus
in the absence of ligand. Upon the addition of agonist or antagonist
ligand, a dramatic redistribution of GFP-ER from a reticular to
punctate pattern occurs within the nucleus. In addition, the full
antagonist ICI 182780 alters the nucleocytoplasmic
compartmentalization of the receptor and causes partial accumulation in
the cytoplasm in a process requiring continued protein synthesis.
GFP-ER localization varies between cells, despite being cultured and
treated in a similar manner. Analysis of the nuclear fluorescence
intensity for variation in its frequency distribution helped establish
localization patterns characteristic of cell line and ligand. During
the course of this study, localization of GFP-ER to the nucleolar
region is observed for ER but not ER+ human breast cancer epithelial
cell lines. Finally, our work provides a visual description of the
"unoccupied" and ligand-bound receptor and is discussed in the
context of the role of ligand in modulating receptor activity.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Corresponding author. E-mail address:
hagerg{at}exchange.nih.gov.
Present address: Departments of Obstetrics and
Gynecology and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 27-139 CHS,
University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte
Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740.
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D. L. Stenoien, A. C. Nye, M. G. Mancini, K. Patel, M. Dutertre, B. W. O'Malley, C. L. Smith, A. S. Belmont, and M. A. Mancini Ligand-Mediated Assembly and Real-Time Cellular Dynamics of Estrogen Receptor {alpha}-Coactivator Complexes in Living Cells Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 2001; 21(13): 4404 - 4412. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
