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Vol. 11, Issue 1, 183-199, January 2000
*Department of Genetics, and Diploid cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae starved for nitrogen differentiate into a
filamentous growth form. Poor carbon sources such as starches can also
stimulate filamentation, whereas haploid cells undergo a similar
invasive growth response in rich medium. Previous work has demonstrated
a role for various alcohols, by-products of amino acid metabolism, in
altering cellular morphology. We found that several alcohols, notably
isoamyl alcohol and 1-butanol, stimulate filamentous growth in haploid
cells in which this differentiation is normally repressed. Butanol also induces cell elongation and changes in budding pattern, leading to a
pseudohyphal morphology, even in liquid medium. The filamentous colony
morphology and cell elongation require elements of the pheromone-responsive MAPK cascade and TEC1, whereas components of the
nutrient-sensing machinery, such as MEP2, GPA2, and GPR1, do not affect
this phenomenon. A screen for 1-butanol-insensitive mutants identified
additional proteins that regulate polarized growth (BUD8, BEM1, BEM4,
and FIG1), mitochondrial function (MSM1, MRP21, and HMI1), and a
transcriptional regulator (CHD1). Furthermore, we have also found that
ethanol stimulates hyperfilamentation in diploid cells, again in a
MAPK-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that yeast may
sense a combination of nutrient limitation and metabolic by-products to
regulate differentiation.
Departments of
Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Microbiology, and Medicine and the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, North Carolina 27710
Corresponding author. E-mail address:
heitm001{at}duke.edu.
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