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Vol. 11, Issue 1, 269-276, January 2000
and¶
Departments of *Physics and The force-extension behavior of individual mitotic newt
chromosomes was studied, using micropipette surgery and manipulation, for elongations up to 80 times native length. After elongations up to
five times, chromosomes return to their native length. In this regime
chromosomes have linear elasticity, requiring ~1 nN of force to be
stretched to two times native length. After more than five times
stretching, chromosomes are permanently elongated, with force
hysteresis during relaxation. If a chromosome is repeatedly stretched
to ~10 times native length and relaxed, a series of hysteresis loops
are obtained that converge to a single reversible elastic response. For
further elongations, the linear dependence of force on extension
terminates at a force "plateau" of ~15-20 nN, near 30 times
extension. After >30 times extensions, the elastic moduli of
chromosomes can be reduced by more than 20-fold, and they appear as
"ghosts": swollen, elongated, and with reduced optical contrast
under both phase and differential interference contrast imaging.
Antibody labeling indicates that histone proteins are not being lost
during even extreme extensions. Results are interpreted in terms of
extension and failure of chromatin-tethering elements; the force data
allow estimates of the number and size of such connectors in a chromosome.
Bioengineering, The
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059; and
Institut de Physique, Université Louis Pasteur,
6700 Strasbourg, France
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