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Vol. 11, Issue 12, 4241-4257, December 2000
¶

and
*Departments of Biochemistry and
We explored genomic expression patterns in the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae responding to diverse
environmental transitions. DNA microarrays were used to measure changes
in transcript levels over time for almost every yeast gene, as cells
responded to temperature shocks, hydrogen peroxide, the
superoxide-generating drug menadione, the sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent
diamide, the disulfide-reducing agent dithiothreitol, hyper- and
hypo-osmotic shock, amino acid starvation, nitrogen source depletion,
and progression into stationary phase. A large set of genes (~ 900)
showed a similar drastic response to almost all of these environmental
changes. Additional features of the genomic responses were specialized
for specific conditions. Promoter analysis and subsequent
characterization of the responses of mutant strains implicated the
transcription factors Yap1p, as well as Msn2p and Msn4p, in mediating
specific features of the transcriptional response, while the
identification of novel sequence elements provided clues to novel
regulators. Physiological themes in the genomic responses to specific
environmental stresses provided insights into the effects of those
stresses on the cell.
Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine,
Stanford, CA 94305-5428;
Cell Biology and Metabolism
Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5430;
§Lawrence Berkeley National Labs and Department of
Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720; and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
Stanford, CA
Online version of this article contains data set
material, and is available at www.molbiolcell.org.
¶
Current address: Lawrence Berkeley National
Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720. 
current address: Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5428.
Corresponding author. E-mail address:
pbrown{at}cmgm.stanford.edu.
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