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Vol. 12, Issue 2, 463-473, February 2001
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine,
Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco,
California 94143-0703
The accessory protein negative factor (Nef) from human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus
(SIV) is required for optimal viral infectivity and the progression to
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nef interacts with the
endocytic machinery, resulting in the down-regulation of cluster of
differentiation antigen 4 (CD4) and major histocompatibility complex
class I (MHCI) molecules on the surface of infected cells. Mutations in
the C-terminal flexible loop of Nef result in a lower rate of
internalization by this viral protein. However, no loop-dependent binding of Nef to adaptor protein-2 (AP-2), which is the adaptor protein complex that is required for the internalization of proteins from the plasma membrane, could be demonstrated. In this study we
investigated the relevance of different motifs in Nef from SIVmac239 for its internalization, CD4 down-regulation,
binding to components of the trafficking machinery, and viral
infectivity. Our data suggest that the binding of Nef to the catalytic
subunit H of the vacuolar membrane ATPase (V-ATPase) facilitates its
internalization. This binding depends on the integrity of the whole
flexible loop. Subsequent studies on Nef mutant viruses revealed that
the flexible loop is essential for optimal viral infectivity.
Therefore, our data demonstrate how Nef contacts the endocytic
machinery in the absence of its direct binding to AP-2 and suggest an
important role for subunit H of the V-ATPase in viral infectivity.
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