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Vol. 12, Issue 3, 685-698, March 2001

Segregation of Heterotrimeric G Proteins in Cell Surface Microdomains
Gq Binds Caveolin to Concentrate in Caveolae, whereas Gi and Gs Target Lipid Rafts by Default

Phil Oh, and Jan E. Schnitzer*

Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92121

Select lipid-anchored proteins such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases may preferentially partition into sphingomyelin-rich and cholesterol-rich plasmalemmal microdomains, thereby acquiring resistance to detergent extraction. Two such domains, caveolae and lipid rafts, are morphologically and biochemically distinct, contain many signaling molecules, and may function in compartmentalizing cell surface signaling. Subfractionation and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy reveal that, in lung tissue and in cultured endothelial and epithelial cells, heterotrimeric G proteins (Gi, Gq, Gs, and Gbeta gamma ) target discrete cell surface microdomains. Gq specifically concentrates in caveolae, whereas Gi and Gs concentrate much more in lipid rafts marked by GPI-anchored proteins (5' nucleotidase and folate receptor). Gq, apparently without Gbeta gamma subunits, stably associates with plasmalemmal and cytosolic caveolin. Gi and Gs interact with Gbeta gamma subunits but not caveolin. Gi and Gs, unlike Gq, readily move out of caveolae. Thus, caveolin may function as a scaffold to trap, concentrate, and stabilize Gq preferentially within caveolae over lipid rafts. In N2a cells lacking caveolae and caveolin, Gq, Gi, and Gs all concentrate in lipid rafts as a complex with Gbeta gamma . Without effective physiological interaction with caveolin, G proteins tend by default to segregate in lipid rafts. The ramifications of the segregated microdomain distribution and the Gq-caveolin complex without Gbeta gamma for trafficking, signaling, and mechanotransduction are discussed.


* Corresponding author. E-mail address: jschnitzer{at}skcc.org.


Molecular Biology of the Cell
Vol. 12, 685-698, March 2001
Copyright © 2001 by The American Society for Cell Biology



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Plant CellHome page
S. M. Assmann
Heterotrimeric and Unconventional GTP Binding Proteins in Plant Cell Signaling
PLANT CELL, May 1, 2002; 14(90001): S355 - 373.
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J. Immunol.Home page
D. H. Nguyen and D. Taub
CXCR4 Function Requires Membrane Cholesterol: Implications for HIV Infection
J. Immunol., April 15, 2002; 168(8): 4121 - 4126.
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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
R. S Ostrom
New Determinants of Receptor-Effector Coupling: Trafficking and Compartmentation in Membrane Microdomains
Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2002; 61(3): 473 - 476.
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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
T. Sabourin, L. Bastien, D. R. Bachvarov, and F. Marceau
Agonist-Induced Translocation of the Kinin B1 Receptor to Caveolae-Related Rafts
Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2002; 61(3): 546 - 553.
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Sci SignalHome page
F. J. Alenghat and D. E. Ingber
Mechanotransduction: All Signals Point to Cytoskeleton, Matrix, and Integrins
Sci. Signal., February 12, 2002; 2002(119): pe6 - pe6.
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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
J.-Z. Yu and M. M. Rasenick
Real-Time Visualization of a Fluorescent Galpha s: Dissociation of the Activated G Protein from Plasma Membrane
Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2002; 61(2): 352 - 359.
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J. Cell Sci.Home page
M. Isshiki, J. Ando, K. Yamamoto, T. Fujita, Y. Ying, and R. G. W. Anderson
Sites of Ca2+ wave initiation move with caveolae to the trailing edge of migrating cells
J. Cell Sci., January 2, 2002; 115(3): 475 - 484.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. T. Dunphy, W. K. Greentree, and M. E. Linder
Enrichment of G-protein Palmitoyltransferase Activity in Low Density Membranes. IN VITRO RECONSTITUTION OF Galpha i TO THESE DOMAINS REQUIRES PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY
J. Biol. Chem., November 9, 2001; 276(46): 43300 - 43304.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. S. Ostrom, C. Gregorian, R. M. Drenan, Y. Xiang, J. W. Regan, and P. A. Insel
Receptor Number and Caveolar Co-localization Determine Receptor Coupling Efficiency to Adenylyl Cyclase
J. Biol. Chem., November 2, 2001; 276(45): 42063 - 42069.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. A. Farazi, G. Waksman, and J. I. Gordon
The Biology and Enzymology of Protein N-Myristoylation
J. Biol. Chem., October 19, 2001; 276(43): 39501 - 39504.
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Mol. Biol. CellHome page
C. A.O. Stuermer, D. M. Lang, F. Kirsch, M. Wiechers, S.-O. Deininger, and H. Plattner
Glycosylphosphatidyl Inositol-anchored Proteins and fyn Kinase Assemble in Noncaveolar Plasma Membrane Microdomains Defined by Reggie-1 and -2
Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2001; 12(10): 3031 - 3045.
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