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Vol. 14, Issue 10, 4250-4259, October 2003

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Caspase-3-mediated Cleavage of Cdc6 Induces Nuclear Localization of p49-truncated Cdc6 and Apoptosis

Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Korea

Submitted January 21, 2003; Revised May 1, 2003; Accepted June 5, 2003
Monitoring Editor: Mark Solomon

We show that Cdc6, an essential initiation factor for DNA replication, undergoes caspase-3–mediated cleavage in the early stages of apoptosis in HeLa cells and SK-HEP-1 cells induced by etoposide, paclitaxel, ginsenoside Rh2, or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. The cleavage occurs at the SEVD⁴⁴²/G motif and generates an N-terminal truncated Cdc6 fragment (p49-tCdc6) that lacks the carboxy-terminal nuclear export sequence. Cdc6 is known to be phosphorylated by cyclin A-cyclin dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), an event that promotes its exit from the nucleus and probably blocks it from initiating inappropriate DNA replication. In contrast, p49-tCdc6 translocation to the cytoplasm is markedly reduced under the up-regulated conditions of Cdk2 activity, which is possibly due to the loss of nuclear export sequence. Thus, truncation of Cdc6 results in an increased nuclear retention of p49-tCdc6 that could act as a dominant negative inhibitor of DNA replication and its accumulation in the nucleus could promote apoptosis. Supporting this is that the ectopic expression of p49-tCdc6 not only promotes apoptosis of etoposide-induced HeLa cells but also induces apoptosis in untreated cells. Thus, the caspase-mediated cleavage of Cdc6 creates a truncated Cdc6 fragment that is retained in the nucleus and induces apoptosis.

^* Corresponding author. E-mail address: sklcrs{at}plaza.snu.ac.kr.

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