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Vol. 14, Issue 2, 585-599, February 2003

IKKalpha Regulates Mitogenic Signaling through Transcriptional Induction of Cyclin D1 via Tcf

Chris Albanese,*# Kongming Wu,*# Mark D'Amico,*# Christy Jarrett,dagger David Joyce,* Julian Hughes,* James Hulit,* Toshiyuki Sakamaki,*# Maofu Fu,*# Avri Ben-Ze'ev,Dagger Jacqueline F. Bromberg,§ Carmela Lamberti,|| Udit Verma,|| Richard B. Gaynor,|| Stephen W. Byers,dagger and Richard G. Pestell*#@

 *The Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Division of Hormone-Dependent Tumor Biology, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;  dagger Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Cell Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007;  Dagger Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;  §Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021; and  ||Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235

The Wnt/beta -catenin/Tcf and Ikappa B/NF-kappa B cascades are independent pathways involved in cell cycle control, cellular differentiation, and inflammation. Constitutive Wnt/beta -catenin signaling occurs in certain cancers from mutation of components of the pathway and from activating growth factor receptors, including RON and MET. The resulting accumulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear beta -catenin interacts with the Tcf/LEF transcription factors to induce target genes. The Ikappa B kinase complex (IKK) that phosphorylates Ikappa B contains IKKalpha , IKKbeta , and IKKgamma . Here we show that the cyclin D1 gene functions as a point of convergence between the Wnt/beta -catenin and Ikappa B pathways in mitogenic signaling. Mitogenic induction of G1-S phase progression and cyclin D1 expression was PI3K dependent, and cyclin D1-/- cells showed reduced PI3K-dependent S-phase entry. PI3K-dependent induction of cyclin D1 was blocked by inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/Ikappa B/IKKalpha or beta -catenin signaling. A single Tcf site in the cyclin D1 promoter was required for induction by PI3K or IKKalpha . In IKKalpha -/- cells, mitogen-induced DNA synthesis, and expression of Tcf-responsive genes was reduced. Reintroduction of IKKalpha restored normal mitogen induction of cyclin D1 through a Tcf site. In IKKalpha -/- cells, beta -catenin phosphorylation was decreased and purified IKKalpha was sufficient for phosphorylation of beta -catenin through its N-terminus in vitro. Because IKKalpha but not IKKbeta induced cyclin D1 expression through Tcf activity, these studies indicate that the relative levels of IKKalpha and IKKbeta may alter their substrate and signaling specificities to regulate mitogen-induced DNA synthesis through distinct mechanisms.


@ Corresponding author. E-mail address: pestell{at}georgetown.edu.

Both authors contributed equally to this work.

# Present addresses: Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20007.


Molecular Biology of the Cell
Vol. 14, 585-599, February 2003
Copyright © 2003 by The American Society for Cell Biology



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