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Vol. 14, Issue 3, 1279-1294, March 2003
-regulated Smad3 and Smad4 Proteins and Orphan
Nuclear Receptor Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-4




*Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical
School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation
of Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion GR-71110, Greece;
We have shown previously that the transforming growth
factor-
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; and
Department of Biology, Section of
Genetics, Development, and Molecular Biology, Aristotelian University
of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
(TGF
)-regulated Sma-Mad (Smad) protein 3 and Smad4
proteins transactivate the apolipoprotein C-III promoter in hepatic
cells via a hormone response element that binds the nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4). In the present study, we show that
Smad3 and Smad4 but not Smad2 physically interact with HNF-4 via their
Mad homology 1 domains both in vitro and in vivo. The synergistic transactivation of target promoters by Smads and HNF-4
was shown to depend on the specific promoter context and did not
require an intact
-hairpin/DNA binding domain of the Smads. Using
glutathione S-transferase interaction assays, we established that two regions of HNF-4, the N-terminal activation function 1 (AF-1) domain (aa 1-24) and the C-terminal F domain (aa
388-455) can mediate physical Smad3/HNF-4 interactions in vitro. In
vivo, Smad3 and Smad4 proteins enhanced the transactivation function of
various GAL4-HNF-4 fusion proteins via the AF-1 and the adjacent DNA
binding domain, whereas a single tyrosine to alanine substitution in
AF-1 abolished coactivation by Smads. The findings suggest that the
transcriptional cross talk between the TGF
-regulated Smads and HNF-4
is mediated by specific functional domains in the two types of
transcription factors. Furthermore, the specificity of this interaction
for certain target promoters may play an important role in various
hepatocyte functions, which are regulated by TGF
and the Smads.
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