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Vol. 15, Issue 11, 5118-5129, November 2004
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* Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305;
Plant Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
|| The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
¶ Biology Department I, Botany, Ludwig Maximillians University, 80638 Munich, Germany;
# Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455; and
@ Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0344
Submitted February 20, 2004;
Revised July 9, 2004;
Accepted August 16, 2004
Monitoring Editor: Keith Yamamoto
Attack by the host powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum usually results in successful penetration and rapid proliferation of the fungus on Arabidopsis. By contrast, the nonhost barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) typically fails to penetrate Arabidopsis epidermal cells. In both instances the plant secretes cell wall appositions or papillae beneath the penetration peg of the fungus. Genetic screens for mutations that result in increased penetration of Bgh on Arabidopsis have recently identified the PEN1 syntaxin. Here we examine the role of PEN1 and of its closest homologue, SYP122, identified as a syntaxin whose expression is responsive to infection. pen1 syp122 double mutants are both dwarfed and necrotic, suggesting that the two syntaxins have overlapping functions. Although syp122-1 and the cell wall mur mutants have considerably more pronounced primary cell wall defects than pen1 mutants, these have relatively subtle or no effects on penetration resistance. Upon fungal attack, PEN1 appears to be actively recruited to papillae, and there is a 2-h delay in papillae formation in the pen1-1 mutant. We conclude that SYP122 may have a general function in secretion, including a role in cell wall deposition. By contrast, PEN1 appears to have a basal function in secretion and a specialized defense-related function, being required for the polarized secretion events that give rise to papilla formation.
The online version of this article contains supplementary material accessible through www.molbiolcell.org.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: Farhah{at}botanik.biologie; tu-muenchen.de; hans.thordal{at}risoe.dk.
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