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Vol. 15, Issue 12, 5208-5218, December 2004
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Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5431
Submitted July 14, 2004;
Accepted September 15, 2004
Monitoring Editor: Joseph Gall
There are three mammalian SUMO paralogues: SUMO-1 is 
45% identical to SUMO-2 and SUMO-3, which are 96% identical to each other. It is currently unclear whether SUMO-1, -2, and -3 function in ways that are unique, redundant, or antagonistic. To address this question, we examined the dynamics of individual SUMO paralogues by using cell lines that stably express each of the mammalian SUMO proteins fused to the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Whereas SUMO-2 and -3 showed very similar distributions throughout the nucleoplasm, SUMO-1 was uniquely distributed to the nuclear envelope and to the nucleolus. Photobleaching experiments revealed that SUMO-1 dynamics was much slower than SUMO-2 and -3 dynamics. Additionally, the mobility of SUMO paralogues differed between subnuclear structures. Finally, the timing and distributions were dissimilar between paralogues as cells exited from mitosis. SUMO-1 was recruited to nuclear membrane as nuclear envelopes reformed in late anaphase, and accumulated rapidly into the nucleus. SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 localized to chromosome earlier and accumulated gradually during telophase. Together, these findings demonstrate that mammalian SUMO-1 shows patterns of utilization that are clearly discrete from the patterns of SUMO-2 and -3 throughout the cell cycle, arguing that it is functionally distinct and specifically regulated in vivo.
Abbreviations used: GFP, green fluorescent protein; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.
The online version of this article contains supplemental material at MBC Online (http://www.molbiolcell.org).
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: mdasso{at}helix.nih.gov.
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