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Vol. 16, Issue 10, 4852-4866, October 2005

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Helicobacter pylori VacA Cytotoxin: A Probe for a Clathrin-independent and Cdc42-dependent Pinocytic Pathway Routed to Late Endosomes

Nils C. Gauthier ^*, Pascale Monzo , Vincent Kaddai , Anne Doye ^*, Vittorio Ricci , and Patrice Boquet ^*

^* INSERM U 627, IFR 50, Faculté de Médecine, 06107 Nice, France; INSERM U 568, IFR 50, Faculté de Médecine, 06107 Nice, France; and Human Physiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy

Submitted May 5, 2005; Revised June 24, 2005; Accepted July 19, 2005
Monitoring Editor: Howard Riezman

The vacuolating cytotoxin VacA is a major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium responsible for gastroduodenal ulcers and cancer. VacA associates with lipid rafts, is endocytosed, and reaches the late endocytic compartment where it induces vacuolation. We have investigated the endocytic and intracellular trafficking pathways used by VacA, in HeLa and gastric AGS cells. We report here that VacA was first bound to plasma-membrane domains localized above F-actin structures that were controlled by the Rac1 GTPase. VacA was subsequently pinocytosed by a clathrin-independent mechanism into cell peripheral early endocytic compartments lacking caveolin 1, the Rab5 effector early endosomes antigen-1 (EEA1) and transferrin. These compartments took up fluid-phase (as evidenced by the accumulation of fluorescent dextran) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). VacA pinocytosis was controlled by Cdc42 and did not require cellular tyrosine kinases, dynamin 2, ADP-ribosylating factor 6, or RhoA GTPase activities. VacA was subsequently routed to EEA1-sorting endosomes and then sorted to late endosomes. During all these different endocytic steps, VacA was continuously associated with detergent resistant membrane domains. From these results we propose that VacA might be a valuable probe to study raft-associated molecules, pinocytosed by a clathrin-independent mechanism, and routed to the degradative compartment.

The online version of this article contains supplemental material at MBC Online (http://www.molbiolcell.org).

Address correspondence to: Patrice Boquet (boquet{at}unice.fr).

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