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Vol. 18, Issue 12, 5100-5112, December 2007

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Acclimation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Low Temperature: A Chemostat-based Transcriptome Analysis

Siew Leng Tai^*,,,, Pascale Daran-Lapujade^*,,, Michael C. Walsh^||, Jack T. Pronk^*,, and Jean-Marc Daran^*,

*Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands; Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands; and ^||Heineken Supply Chain, Research and Innovation, 2382 PH Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands

Submitted February 15, 2007; Revised September 20, 2007; Accepted September 28, 2007
Monitoring Editor: Charles Boone

Effects of suboptimal temperatures on transcriptional regulation in yeast have been extensively studied in batch cultures. To eliminate indirect effects of specific growth rates that are inherent to batch-cultivation studies, genome-wide transcriptional responses to low temperatures were analyzed in steady-state chemostats, grown at a fixed specific growth rate (0.03 h^–1). Although in vivo metabolic fluxes were essentially the same in cultures grown at 12 and at 30°C, concentrations of the growth-limiting nutrients (glucose or ammonia) were higher at 12°C. This difference was reflected by transcript levels of genes that encode transporters for the growth-limiting nutrients. Several transcriptional responses to low temperature occurred under both nutrient-limitation regimes. Increased transcription of ribosome-biogenesis genes emphasized the importance of adapting protein-synthesis capacity to low temperature. In contrast to observations in cold-shock and batch-culture studies, transcript levels of environmental stress response genes were reduced at 12°C. Transcription of trehalose-biosynthesis genes and intracellular trehalose levels indicated that, in contrast to its role in cold-shock adaptation, trehalose is not involved in steady-state low-temperature adaptation. Comparison of the chemostat-based transcriptome data with literature data revealed large differences between transcriptional reprogramming during long-term low-temperature acclimation and the transcriptional responses to a rapid transition to low temperature.

The online version of this article contains supplemental material at MBC Online (http://www.molbiolcell.org).

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Present address: University of Stellenbosch, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Address correspondence to: J. M. Daran (j.g.daran{at}tudelft.nl).

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