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The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms: differential deposition into the subepithelial extracellular matrix and bioactivity of extracellular matrix-bound VEGF

JE Park, GA Keller and N Ferrara

Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)mRNA undergoes alternative splicing events that generate four different homodimeric isoforms, VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189, or VEGF206. VEGF121 is a nonheparin-binding acidic protein, which is freely diffusible. The longer forms, VEGF189 or VEGF206, are highly basic proteins tightly bound to extracellular heparin-containing proteoglycans. VEGF165 has intermediate properties. To determine the localization of VEGF isoforms, transfected human embryonic kidney CEN4 cells expressing VEGF165, VEGF189, or VEGF206 were stained by immunofluorescence with a specific monoclonal antibody. The staining was found in patches and streaks suggestive of extracellular matrix (ECM). VEGF165 was observed largely in Golgi apparatus-like structures. Immunogold labeling of cells expressing VEGF189 or VEGF206 revealed that the staining was localized to the subepithelial ECM. VEGF associated with the ECM was bioactive, because endothelial cells cultured on ECM derived from cells expressing VEGF189 or VEGF206 were markedly stimulated to proliferate. In addition, ECM- bound VEGF can be released into a soluble and bioactive form by heparin or plasmin. ECM-bound VEGF189 and VEGF206 have molecular masses consistent with the intact polypeptides. The ECM may represent an important source of VEGF and angiogenic potential.

Volume 4, Issue 12, pp. 1317-1326, 12/01/1993
Copyright © 1993 by The American Society for Cell Biology




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Differential Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Isoforms in a Mouse Brain Metastasis Model of Human Melanoma
Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 63(17): 5408 - 5413.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Genes Dev.Home page
P. Lindblom, H. Gerhardt, S. Liebner, A. Abramsson, M. Enge, M. Hellstrom, G. Backstrom, S. Fredriksson, U. Landegren, H. C. Nystrom, et al.
Endothelial PDGF-B retention is required for proper investment of pericytes in the microvessel wall
Genes & Dev., August 1, 2003; 17(15): 1835 - 1840.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
L. Hoffner, J. J. Nielsen, H. Langberg, and Y. Hellsten
Exercise but not prostanoids enhance levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and other proliferative agents in human skeletal muscle interstitium
J. Physiol., July 1, 2003; 550(1): 217 - 225.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Luque, D. R. Carpizo, and M. L. Iruela-Arispe
ADAMTS1/METH1 Inhibits Endothelial Cell Proliferation by Direct Binding and Sequestration of VEGF165
J. Biol. Chem., June 20, 2003; 278(26): 23656 - 23665.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. L. Goerges and M. A. Nugent
Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Binding and Activity by Extracellular pH
J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2003; 278(21): 19518 - 19525.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Lange, N. Guttmann-Raviv, L. Baruch, M. Machluf, and G. Neufeld
VEGF162, A New Heparin-binding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Splice Form That Is Expressed in Transformed Human Cells
J. Biol. Chem., May 2, 2003; 278(19): 17164 - 17169.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
F. L. Lopes, J. Desmarais, N. Y. Gevry, S. Ledoux, and B. D. Murphy
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Isoforms and Receptors Flt-1 and KDR During the Peri-Implantation Period in the Mink, Mustela vison
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2003; 68(5): 1926 - 1933.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur Heart JHome page
D.C Felmeden, A.D Blann, and G.Y.H Lip
Angiogenesis: basic pathophysiology and implications for disease
Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2003; 24(7): 586 - 603.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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DevelopmentHome page
E. Zelzer, W. McLean, Y.-S. Ng, N. Fukai, A. M. Reginato, S. Lovejoy, P. A. D'Amore, and B. R. Olsen
Skeletal defects in VEGF120/120 mice reveal multiple roles for VEGF in skeletogenesis
Development, March 6, 2003; 129(8): 1893 - 1904.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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FASEB J.Home page
Y.-J. YIN, Z. SALAH, M. MAOZ, S. C. E. RAM, S. OCHAYON, G. NEUFELD, S. KATZAV, and R. BAR-SHAVIT
Oncogenic transformation induces tumor angiogenesis: a role for PAR1 activation
FASEB J, February 1, 2003; 17(2): 163 - 174.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
H. Enomoto, I. Inoki, K. Komiya, T. Shiomi, E. Ikeda, K.-i. Obata, H. Matsumoto, Y. Toyama, and Y. Okada
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Isoforms and Their Receptors Are Expressed in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage
Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2003; 162(1): 171 - 181.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. J. Mulligan-Kehoe, H. K. Kleinman, M. Drinane, R. J. Wagner, C. Wieland, and R. J. Powell
A Truncated Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Protein Blocks the Availability of Heparin-binding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Isoforms
J. Biol. Chem., December 6, 2002; 277(50): 49077 - 49089.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
L. Zhang, N. Yang, J.-R. Conejo Garcia, A. Mohamed, F. Benencia, S. C. Rubin, D. Allman, and G. Coukos
Generation of a Syngeneic Mouse Model to Study the Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Ovarian Carcinoma
Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2002; 161(6): 2295 - 2309.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Genes Dev.Home page
C. Ruhrberg, H. Gerhardt, M. Golding, R. Watson, S. Ioannidou, H. Fujisawa, C. Betsholtz, and D. T. Shima
Spatially restricted patterning cues provided by heparin-binding VEGF-A control blood vessel branching morphogenesis
Genes & Dev., October 15, 2002; 16(20): 2684 - 2698.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Ann OncolHome page
E. Laack, A. Kohler, C. Kugler, T. Dierlamm, C. Knuffmann, G. Vohwinkel, A. Niestroy, N. Dahlmann, A. Peters, J. Berger, et al.
Pretreatment serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor in non-small-cell lung cancer
Ann. Onc., October 1, 2002; 13(10): 1550 - 1557.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
H. Matsuno, O. Kozawa, N. Yoshimi, S. Akamatsu, A. Hara, H. Mori, K. Okada, S. Ueshima, O. Matsuo, and T. Uematsu
Lack of alpha 2-antiplasmin promotes pulmonary heart failure via overrelease of VEGF after acute myocardial infarction
Blood, September 18, 2002; 100(7): 2487 - 2493.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
A. A. Eddy
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the kidney
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2002; 283(2): F209 - F220.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
E. S. Wijelath, J. Murray, S. Rahman, Y. Patel, A. Ishida, K. Strand, S. Aziz, C. Cardona, W. P. Hammond, G. F. Savidge, et al.
Novel Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Binding Domains of Fibronectin Enhance Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Biological Activity
Circ. Res., July 12, 2002; 91(1): 25 - 31.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T.-H. Wang, S.-G. Horng, C.-L. Chang, H.-M. Wu, Y.-J. Tsai, H.-S. Wang, and Y.-K. Soong
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Induced Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Is Associated with Up-Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3300 - 3308.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
M. Stimpfl, D. Tong, B. Fasching, E. Schuster, A. Obermair, S. Leodolter, and R. Zeillinger
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Splice Variants and Their Prognostic Value in Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2002; 8(7): 2253 - 2259.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Hum ReprodHome page
R.M. Sibug, F.M. Helmerhorst, A.M.I. Tijssen, E.R. de Kloet, and J. de Koning
Gonadotrophin stimulation reduces VEGF120 expression in the mouse uterus during the peri-implantation period
Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2002; 17(6): 1643 - 1648.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
T. Sugino, T. Kusakabe, N. Hoshi, T. Yamaguchi, T. Kawaguchi, S. Goodison, M. Sekimata, Y. Homma, and T. Suzuki
An Invasion-Independent Pathway of Blood-Borne Metastasis : A New Murine Mammary Tumor Model
Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2002; 160(6): 1973 - 1980.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
J. L. Yu, J. W. Rak, G. Klement, and R. S. Kerbel
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Isoform Expression as a Determinant of Blood Vessel Patterning in Human Melanoma Xenografts
Cancer Res., March 1, 2002; 62(6): 1838 - 1846.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
M. C. A. Duyndam, M. C. G. W. Hilhorst, H. M. M. Schluper, H. M. W. Verheul, P. J. van Diest, G. Kraal, H. M. Pinedo, and E. Boven
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-165 Overexpression Stimulates Angiogenesis and Induces Cyst Formation and Macrophage Infiltration in Human Ovarian Cancer Xenografts
Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2002; 160(2): 537 - 548.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
P. Guo, L. Xu, S. Pan, R. A. Brekken, S.-T. Yang, G. B. Whitaker, M. Nagane, P. E. Thorpe, J. S. Rosenbaum, H.-J. Su Huang, et al.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Isoforms Display Distinct Activities in Promoting Tumor Angiogenesis at Different Anatomic Sites
Cancer Res., December 1, 2001; 61(23): 8569 - 8577.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
P. J. Ross, M. George, D. Cunningham, F. DiStefano, H. J. N. Andreyev, P. Workman, and P. A. Clarke
Inhibition of Kirsten-ras Expression in Human Colorectal Cancer Using Rationally Selected Kirsten-ras Antisense Oligonucleotides
Mol. Cancer Ther., November 1, 2001; 1(1): 29 - 41.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Ann Rheum DisHome page
P E C Brenchley
Antagonising angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis
Ann Rheum Dis, November 1, 2001; 60(90003): iii71 - 74.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
N. Ferrara
Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in regulation of physiological angiogenesis
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2001; 280(6): C1358 - C1366.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
O. N. El-Assal, A. Yamanoi, T. Ono, H. Kohno, and N. Nagasue
The Clinicopathological Significance of Heparanase and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Expressions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 7(5): 1299 - 1305.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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CirculationHome page
A. Weisz, B. Koren, T. Cohen, G. Neufeld, T. Kleinberger, B. S. Lewis, and M. Y. Flugelman
Increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 165 Binding to Kinase Insert Domain-Containing Receptor After Infection of Human Endothelial Cells by Recombinant Adenovirus Encoding the Vegf165 Gene
Circulation, April 10, 2001; 103(14): 1887 - 1892.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCBHome page
C. J. Kuo, K. R. LaMontagne Jr., G. Garcia-Cardena, B. D. Ackley, D. Kalman, S. Park, R. Christofferson, J. Kamihara, Y.-H. Ding, K.-M. Lo, et al.
Oligomerization-Dependent Regulation of Motility and Morphogenesis by the Collagen Xviii Nc1/Endostatin Domain
J. Cell Biol., March 19, 2001; 152(6): 1233 - 1246.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
A. Yuan, C.-J. Yu, S.-H. Kuo, W.-J. Chen, F.-Y. Lin, K.-T. Luh, P.-C. Yang, and Y.-C. Lee
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 189 mRNA Isoform Expression Specifically Correlates With Tumor Angiogenesis, Patient Survival, and Postoperative Relapse in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
J. Clin. Oncol., January 15, 2001; 19(2): 432 - 441.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Cell Sci.Home page
C. Robinson and S. Stringer
The splice variants of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors
J. Cell Sci., January 3, 2001; 114(5): 853 - 865.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Mol Hum ReprodHome page
J. S. Krussel, B. Behr, A. A. Milki, J. Hirchenhain, Y. Wen, P. Bielfeld, and M. L. Polan
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA splice variants are differentially expressed in human blastocysts
Mol. Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2001; 7(1): 57 - 63.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
H. Chen, A. T. Treweeke, D. C. West, K. J. Till, J. C. Cawley, M. Zuzel, and C. H. Toh
In vitro and in vivo production of vascular endothelial growth factor by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Blood, November 1, 2000; 96(9): 3181 - 3187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
J. Grunstein, J. J. Masbad, R. Hickey, F. Giordano, and R. S. Johnson
Isoforms of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Act in a Coordinate Fashion To Recruit and Expand Tumor Vasculature
Mol. Cell. Biol., October 1, 2000; 20(19): 7282 - 7291.
[Abstract] [Full Text]




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