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L Connell-Crowley, JW Harper and DW Goodrich
Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
The retinoblastoma protein (pRb) inhibits progression through the cell cycle. Although pRb is phosphorylated when G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are active, the mechanisms underlying pRb regulation are unknown. In vitro phosphorylation by cyclin D1/Cdk4 leads to inactivation of pRb in a microinjection-based in vivo cell cycle assay. In contrast, phosphorylation of pRb by Cdk2 or Cdk3 in complexes with A- or E-type cyclins is not sufficient to inactivate pRb function in this assay, despite extensive phosphorylation and conversion to a slowly migrating "hyperphosphorylated form." The differential effects of phosphorylation on pRb function coincide with modification of distinct sets of sites. Serine 795 is phosphorylated efficiently by Cdk4, even in the absence of an intact LXCXE motif in cyclin D, but not by Cdk2 or Cdk3. Mutation of serine 795 to alanine prevents pRb inactivation by Cdk4 phosphorylation in the microinjection assay. This study identifies a residue whose phosphorylation is critical for inactivation of pRb- mediated growth suppression, and it indicates that hyperphosphorylation and inactivation of pRb are not necessarily synonymous.
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J. D. Singer, M. Gurian-West, B. Clurman, and J. M. Roberts Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase in mammalian cells Genes & Dev., September 15, 1999; 13(18): 2375 - 2387. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Akli, S. Zhan, M. Abdellatif, and M. D. Schneider E1A Can Provoke G1 Exit That Is Refractory to p21 and Independent of Activating Cdk2 Circ. Res., August 20, 1999; 85(4): 319 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. D. Brown, R. A. Phillips, and B. L. Gallie Cumulative Effect of Phosphorylation of pRB on Regulation of E2F Activity Mol. Cell. Biol., May 1, 1999; 19(5): 3246 - 3256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Tsubari, J. Taipale, E. Tiihonen, J. Keski-Oja, and M. Laiho Hepatocyte Growth Factor Releases Mink Epithelial Cells from Transforming Growth Factor beta 1-Induced Growth Arrest by Restoring Cdk6 Expression and Cyclin E-Associated Cdk2 Activity Mol. Cell. Biol., May 1, 1999; 19(5): 3654 - 3663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Driscoll, A. T'Ang, Y.-H. Hu, C. L. Yan, Y. Fu, Y. Luo, K. J. Wu, S. Wen, X.-H. Shi, L. Barsky, et al. Discovery of a Regulatory Motif That Controls the Exposure of Specific Upstream Cyclin-dependent Kinase Sites That Determine Both Conformation and Growth Suppressing Activity of pRb J. Biol. Chem., April 2, 1999; 274(14): 9463 - 9471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. H. Stein, L. F. Drullinger, A. Soulard, and V. Dulic Differential Roles for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors p21 and p16 in the Mechanisms of Senescence and Differentiation in Human Fibroblasts Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 1999; 19(3): 2109 - 2117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Yang, C. Muller, V. Huynh, Y. K. Fung, A. S. Yee, and H. P. Koeffler Functions of Cyclin A1 in the Cell Cycle and Its Interactions with Transcription Factor E2F-1 and the Rb Family of Proteins Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 1999; 19(3): 2400 - 2407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Brugarolas, K. Moberg, S. D. Boyd, Y. Taya, T. Jacks, and J. A. Lees Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by p21 is necessary for retinoblastoma protein-mediated G1 arrest after gamma -irradiation PNAS, February 2, 1999; 96(3): 1002 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. D. Adams, X. Li, W. R. Sellers, K. B. Baker, X. Leng, J. W. Harper, Y. Taya, and W. G. Kaelin Jr. Retinoblastoma Protein Contains a C-terminal Motif That Targets It for Phosphorylation by Cyclin-cdk Complexes Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 1999; 19(2): 1068 - 1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. H. Grafstrom, W. Pan, and R. H. Hoess Defining the substrate specificity of cdk4 kinase–cyclin D1 complex Carcinogenesis, February 1, 1999; 20(2): 193 - 198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Ma, N. Zou, B. Y. Lin, L. T. Chow, and J. W. Harper Interaction between cyclin-dependent kinases and human papillomavirus replication-initiation protein E1 is required for efficient viral replication PNAS, January 19, 1999; 96(2): 382 - 387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Gomez Lahoz, N. J. Liegeois, P. Zhang, J. A. Engelman, J. Horner, A. Silverman, R. Burde, M. F. Roussel, C. J. Sherr, S. J. Elledge, et al. Cyclin D- and E-Dependent Kinases and the p57KIP2 Inhibitor: Cooperative Interactions In Vivo Mol. Cell. Biol., January 1, 1999; 19(1): 353 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. K. Konstantinidis, R. Radhakrishnan, F. Gu, R. N. Rao, and W.-K. Yeh Purification, Characterization, and Kinetic Mechanism of Cyclin D1·CDK4, a Major Target for Cell Cycle Regulation J. Biol. Chem., October 9, 1998; 273(41): 26506 - 26515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Koudssi, J. E. Lopez, S. Villegas, and C. S. Long Cardiac Fibroblasts Arrest at the G1/S Restriction Point in Response to Interleukin (IL)-1beta . EVIDENCE FOR IL-1beta -INDUCED HYPOPHOSPHORYLATION OF THE RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN J. Biol. Chem., October 2, 1998; 273(40): 25796 - 25803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Song, Q. Wang, M. G. Goebl, and M. A. Harrington Phosphorylation of Nuclear MyoD Is Required for Its Rapid Degradation Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 1998; 18(9): 4994 - 4999. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. S. Knudsen, C. Buckmaster, T.-T. Chen, J. R. Feramisco, and J. Y.J. Wang Inhibition of DNA synthesis by RB: effects on G1/S transition and S-phase progression Genes & Dev., August 1, 1998; 12(15): 2278 - 2292. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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B. L. Kelly, K. G. Wolfe, and J. M. Roberts Identification of a substrate-targeting domain in cyclin E necessary for phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein PNAS, March 3, 1998; 95(5): 2535 - 2540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Inoue and C. J. Sherr Gene Expression and Cell Cycle Arrest Mediated by Transcription Factor DMP1 Is Antagonized by D-Type Cyclins through a Cyclin-Dependent-Kinase-Independent Mechanism Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 1998; 18(3): 1590 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Cheng, V. Sexl, C. J. Sherr, and M. F. Roussel Assembly of cyclin D-dependent kinase and titration of p27Kip1 regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1) PNAS, February 3, 1998; 95(3): 1091 - 1096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S. Lundberg and R. A. Weinberg Functional Inactivation of the Retinoblastoma Protein Requires Sequential Modification by at Least Two Distinct Cyclin-cdk Complexes Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 1998; 18(2): 753 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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B. Sarcevic, R. Lilischkis, and R. L. Sutherland Differential Phosphorylation of T-47D Human Breast Cancer Cell Substrates by D1-, D3-, E-, and A-type Cyclin-CDK Complexes J. Biol. Chem., December 26, 1997; 272(52): 33327 - 33337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Fan, A. Huang, C. Villegas, and J. A. Wright The R1 component of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase has malignancy-suppressing activity as demonstrated by gene transfer experiments PNAS, November 25, 1997; 94(24): 13181 - 13186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Doostzadeh-Cizeron, S. Yin, and D. W. Goodrich Apoptosis Induced by the Nuclear Death Domain Protein p84N5 Is Associated with Caspase-6 and NF-kappa B Activation J. Biol. Chem., August 11, 2000; 275(33): 25336 - 25341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Cheng, F. Rossi, W. Fang, T. Mori, and D. Cobrinik Cdk2-dependent Phosphorylation and Functional Inactivation of the pRB-related p130 Protein in pRB(-), p16INK4A(+) Tumor Cells J. Biol. Chem., September 22, 2000; 275(39): 30317 - 30325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Murai, Y. Nakagawa, H. Maeda, and K. Terada Altered Regulation of Cell Cycle Machinery Involved in Interleukin-1-induced G1 and G2 Phase Growth Arrest of A375S2 Human Melanoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 23, 2001; 276(9): 6797 - 6806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Wakino, U. Kintscher, S. Kim, F. Yin, W. A. Hsueh, and R. E. Law Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma Ligands Inhibit Retinoblastoma Phosphorylation and G1right-arrow S Transition in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells J. Biol. Chem., July 14, 2000; 275(29): 22435 - 22441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Ye, C. Zhu, and J. W. Harper A premature-termination mutation in the Mus musculus cyclin-dependent kinase 3 gene PNAS, February 13, 2001; 98(4): 1682 - 1686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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