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Vol. 9, Issue 1, 161-171, January 1998
Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica,
New York 11439
Diploid yeast develop pseudohyphae in response to nitrogen
starvation, while haploid yeast produce invasive filaments which penetrate the agar in rich medium. We have identified a gene, FLO11, that encodes a cell wall protein which is
critically required for both invasion and pseudohyphae formation in
response to nitrogen starvation. FLO11 encodes a cell
surface flocculin with a structure similar to the class of yeast
serine/threonine-rich GPI-anchored cell wall proteins. Cells of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 
1278b with deletions
of FLO11 do not form pseudohyphae as diploids nor invade
agar as haploids. In rich media, FLO11 is regulated by
mating type; it is expressed in haploid cells but not in diploids. Upon
transfer to nitrogen starvation media, however, FLO11
transcripts accumulate in diploid cells, but not in haploids.
Overexpression of FLO11 in diploid cells, which are
otherwise not invasive, enables them to invade agar. Thus, the mating
type repression of FLO11 in diploids grown in rich media
suffices to explain the inability of these cells to invade. The
promoter of FLO11 contains a consensus binding sequence
for Ste12p and Tec1p, proteins known to cooperatively activate
transcription of Ty1 elements and the
TEC1 gene during development of pseudohyphae. Yeast with
a deletion of STE12 does not express
FLO11 transcripts, indicating that STE12
is required for FLO11 expression. These ste12-deletion
strains also do not invade agar. However, the ability to invade can be
restored by overexpressing FLO11. Activation of
FLO11 may thus be the primary means by which Ste12p and
Tec1p cause invasive growth.
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B. Guo, C. A. Styles, Q. Feng, and G. R. Fink A Saccharomyces gene family involved in invasive growth, cell-cell adhesion, and mating PNAS, October 24, 2000; 97(22): 12158 - 12163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Cullen and G. F. Sprague Jr. Glucose depletion causes haploid invasive growth in yeast PNAS, December 5, 2000; 97(25): 13619 - 13624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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