![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
A more recent version of this article appeared on October 1, 2005
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on April 25, 2005
Revised on July 8, 2005
Accepted on July 21, 2005
*Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, NCI/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256; Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660
Monitoring Editor: Anne Ridley
Dictyostelium cells form a multicellular organism through the aggregation of independent cells. This process requires both chemotaxis and signal relay in which the chemoattractant cAMP activates adenylyl cyclase through the G protein-coupled cAMP receptor cAR1. cAMP is produced and secreted and it activates receptors on neighboring cells, thereby relaying the chemoattractant signal to distant cells. Using coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analyses, we have identified a TOR-containing complex in Dictyostelium that is related to the TORC2 complex of S. cerevisiae and regulates both chemotaxis and signal relay. We demonstrate that mutations in Dictyostelium LST8, RIP3, and Pia, orthologues of the yeast TORC2 components LST8, AVO1, and AVO3, exhibit a common set of phenotypes including reduced cell polarity, chemotaxis speed and directionality, phosphorylation of Akt/PKB and the related PKBR1, and activation of adenylyl cyclase. Further, we provide evidence for a role of Ras in the regulation of TORC2. We propose that, through the regulation of chemotaxis and signal relay, TORC2 plays an essential role in controlling aggregation by coordinating the two essential arms of the developmental pathway that leads to multicellularity in Dictyostelium.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  X.-H. Liao, J. Buggey, and A. R. Kimmel Chemotactic activation of Dictyostelium AGC-family kinases AKT and PKBR1 requires separate but coordinated functions of PDK1 and TORC2 J. Cell Sci., March 15, 2010; 123(6): 983 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Kamimura and P. N. Devreotes Phosphoinositide-dependent Protein Kinase (PDK) Activity Regulates Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate-dependent and -independent Protein Kinase B Activation and Chemotaxis J. Biol. Chem., March 12, 2010; 285(11): 7938 - 7946. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J P Alvarez, M. Lodeiro, M. Theodoropoulou, J. P Camina, F. F Casanueva, and Y. Pazos Obestatin stimulates Akt signalling in gastric cancer cells through {beta}-arrestin-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation Endocr. Relat. Cancer, June 1, 2009; 16(2): 599 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Kawabe, T. Morio, J. L. James, A. R. Prescott, Y. Tanaka, and P. Schaap Activated cAMP receptors switch encystation into sporulation PNAS, April 28, 2009; 106(17): 7089 - 7094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Berchtold and T. C. Walther TORC2 Plasma Membrane Localization Is Essential for Cell Viability and Restricted to a Distinct Domain Mol. Biol. Cell, March 1, 2009; 20(5): 1565 - 1575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Berkowitz, R. Jost, S. Pollmann, and J. Masle Characterization of TCTP, the Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein, from Arabidopsis thaliana PLANT CELL, December 1, 2008; 20(12): 3430 - 3447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Bosgraaf, I. Keizer-Gunnink, and P. J. M. Van Haastert PI3-kinase signaling contributes to orientation in shallow gradients and enhances speed in steep chemoattractant gradients J. Cell Sci., November 1, 2008; 121(21): 3589 - 3597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Veeranki, B. Kim, and L. Kim The GPI-anchored superoxide dismutase SodC is essential for regulating basal Ras activity and for chemotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum J. Cell Sci., September 15, 2008; 121(18): 3099 - 3108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Ghosh, G. P. Srivastava, D. Xu, L. C. Schulz, and R. M. Roberts A link between SIN1 (MAPKAP1) and poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) in counteracting environmental stress PNAS, August 19, 2008; 105(33): 11673 - 11678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Bolourani, G. B. Spiegelman, and G. Weeks Rap1 Activation in Response to cAMP Occurs Downstream of Ras Activation during Dictyostelium Aggregation J. Biol. Chem., April 18, 2008; 283(16): 10232 - 10240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Kolsch, P. G. Charest, and R. A. Firtel The regulation of cell motility and chemotaxis by phospholipid signaling J. Cell Sci., March 1, 2008; 121(5): 551 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Veltman, I. Keizer-Gunnik, and P. J.M. Van Haastert Four key signaling pathways mediating chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum J. Cell Biol., February 25, 2008; 180(4): 747 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Hernandez-Negrete, J. Carretero-Ortega, H. Rosenfeldt, R. Hernandez-Garcia, J. V. Calderon-Salinas, G. Reyes-Cruz, J. S. Gutkind, and J. Vazquez-Prado P-Rex1 Links Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling to Rac Activation and Cell Migration J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2007; 282(32): 23708 - 23715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T. Sasaki, C. Janetopoulos, S. Lee, P. G. Charest, K. Takeda, L. W. Sundheimer, R. Meili, P. N. Devreotes, and R. A. Firtel G protein-independent Ras/PI3K/F-actin circuit regulates basic cell motility J. Cell Biol., July 10, 2007; 178(2): 185 - 191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Qiao, J. D. Iglehart, and A. B. Pardee Metastatic Potential of 21T Human Breast Cancer Cells Depends on Akt/Protein Kinase B Activation Cancer Res., June 1, 2007; 67(11): 5293 - 5299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Takeda, A. T. Sasaki, H. Ha, H.-A Seung, and R. A. Firtel Role of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases in Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium J. Biol. Chem., April 20, 2007; 282(16): 11874 - 11884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Mahadeo, M. Janka-Junttila, R. L. Smoot, P. Roselova, and C. A. Parent A Chemoattractant-mediated Gi-coupled Pathway Activates Adenylyl Cyclase in Human Neutrophils Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2007; 18(2): 512 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. Yang, K. Inoki, T. Ikenoue, and K.-L. Guan Identification of Sin1 as an essential TORC2 component required for complex formation and kinase activity. Genes & Dev., October 15, 2006; 20(20): 2820 - 2832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Loovers, M. Postma, I. Keizer-Gunnink, Y. E. Huang, P. N. Devreotes, and P. J.M. van Haastert Distinct Roles of PI(3,4,5)P3 during Chemoattractant Signaling in Dictyostelium: A Quantitative In Vivo Analysis by Inhibition of PI3-Kinase Mol. Biol. Cell, April 1, 2006; 17(4): 1503 - 1513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. I. Comer and C. A. Parent Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Activity Controls the Chemoattractant-mediated Activation and Adaptation of Adenylyl Cyclase Mol. Biol. Cell, January 1, 2006; 17(1): 357 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
