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MBC in Press, published online ahead of print September 29, 2005
Mol. Biol. Cell 10.1091/mbc.E05-08-0756

A more recent version of this article appeared on December 1, 2005
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Submitted on August 15, 2005
Revised on September 18, 2005
Accepted on September 20, 2005

Temperature-modulated Alternative Splicing and Promoter Use in the Circadian Clock Gene frequency

Hildur V. Colot,* Jennifer J. Loros,{dagger} and Jay C. Dunlap*

Departments of *Genetics and {dagger}Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755

Monitoring Editor: Greg Matera

The expression of FREQUENCY, a central component of the circadian clock in Neurospora crassa, shows daily cycles that are exquisitely sensitive to the environment. Two forms of FRQ that differ in length by 99 amino acids, LFRQ and SFRQ, are synthesized from alternative initiation codons and the change in their ratio as a function of temperature (Garceau et al., 1997; Liu et al., 1997) contributes to robust rhythmicity across a range of temperatures. We have found frq expression to be surprisingly complex, despite our earlier prediction of a simple transcription unit based on limited cDNA sequencing. Two distinct environmentally-regulated major promoters drive primary transcripts whose environmentally-influenced alternative splicing gives rise to six different major mRNA species as well as minor forms. Temperature-sensitive alternative splicing determines AUG choice and, as a consequence, the ratio of LFRQ to SFRQ. Four of the six upstream ORFs are spliced out of the vast majority of frq mRNA species. Alternative splice site choice in the 5` UTR and relative use of two major promoters are also influenced by temperature, and the two promoters are differentially regulated by light. Evolutionary comparisons with the Sordariaceae reveal conservation of 5` UTR sequences, as well as significant conservation of the alternative splicing events, supporting their relevance to proper regulation of clock function.

Address correspondence to: Jay C. Dunlap (jay.c.dunlap{at}dartmouth.edu)




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