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A more recent version of this article appeared on May 1, 2006
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Submitted on November 4, 2005
Revised on January 26, 2006
Accepted on February 15, 2006
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*Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90822; Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry, and ||Pharmacology, and the Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, 92717
Monitoring Editor: M. Bishr Omary
Steroid hormones have been reported to indirectly impact mitochondrial functions, attributed to nuclear receptor-induced production of proteins that localize in this cytoplasmic organelle. Here we show high-affinity estrogen receptors in the mitochondria of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and endothelial cells, compatible with classical estrogen receptors ER
and ER
. We report that in MCF-7, estrogen inhibits UV (UV) radiation-induced cytochrome C release, the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic cell death. UV stimulated the formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), and mROS were essential to inducing mitochondrial events of cell death. mROS mediated the UV-activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and protein kinase C (PKC)
, underlying the subsequent translocation of Bax to the mitochondria where oligomerization was promoted. E2 inhibited all these events, directly acting in mitochondria to inhibit mROS by rapidly up-regulating manganese superoxide dismutase activity. We implicate novel functions of ER in the mitochondria of breast cancer that lead to the survival of the tumor cells.
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