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A more recent version of this article appeared on August 1, 2007
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Submitted on March 26, 2007
Revised on May 1, 2007
Accepted on May 7, 2007
*Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
Monitoring Editor: Reid Gilmore
The TOR kinases are regulators of growth in eukaryotic cells that assemble into two distinct protein complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, where TORC1 is inhibited by the antibiotic rapamycin. Present models favor a view wherein TORC1 regulates cell mass accumulation and TORC2 regulates spatial aspects of growth, including organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here we demonstrate that in yeast both TORC1 and TORC2 fractionate with a novel form of detergent-resistant membranes that are distinct from detergent-resistant plasma membrane "rafts". Proteomic analysis of these TOR-associated membranes revealed the presence of regulators of endocytosis and the actin cytoskeleton. Genetic analyses revealed a significant number of interactions between these components and TORC1, demonstrating a functional link between TORC1 and actin/endocytosis-related genes. Moreover, we found that inhibition of TORC1 by rapamycin (i) disrupted actin polarization, (ii) delayed actin repolarization following glucose starvation, and (iii) delayed accumulation of Lucifer yellow within the vacuole. By combining our genetic results with database mining, we constructed a map of interactions that led to the identification of additional genetic interactions between TORC1 and components involved in membrane trafficking. Together these results reveal the broad scope of cellular processes influenced by TORC1 and underscore the functional overlap between TORC1 and TORC2.
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