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A more recent version of this article appeared on April 1, 2008
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Submitted on May 18, 2007
Revised on December 11, 2007
Accepted on January 16, 2008
*Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan;
Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 28040, Spain
Monitoring Editor: David Drubin
Hyphal tip growth in fungi is important because of the economic and medical importance of fungi and because it may be a useful model for polarized growth in other organisms. We have investigated the central questions of the roles of cytoskeletal elements and of the precise sites of exocytosis and endocytosis at the growing hyphal tip using the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescent fusion proteins reveals a remarkably dynamic, but highly structured, tip growth apparatus. Live imaging of SYNA, a synaptobrevin homolog, and SECC, an exocyst component, reveals that vesicles accumulate in the Spitzenkörper (apical body) and fuse with the plasma membrane at the extreme apex of the hypha. SYNA is recycled from the plasma membrane by endocytosis at a collar of endocytic patches, 1–2 µm behind the apex of the hypha, that moves forward as the tip grows. Exocytosis and endocytosis are thus spatially coupled. Inhibitor studies, in combination with observations of fluorescent fusion proteins, reveal that actin functions in exocytosis and endocytosis at the tip and in holding the tip growth apparatus together. Microtubules are important for delivering vesicles to the tip area and for holding the tip growth apparatus in position.
Present address: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, VA Boston Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, BLDG 3 RM 2C130, West Roxbury MA 02134.
Address correspondence to:
Berl R. Oakley (Oakley.2{at}osu.edu)
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