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Vol. 17, Issue 12, 5173-5184, December 2006
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*Kansai Advanced Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan; and Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
Submitted May 4, 2006;
Revised August 24, 2006;
Accepted September 29, 2006
Monitoring Editor: Fred Chang
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). The kinetochore is a specialized structure formed on the centromere and is essential for faithful segregation of chromosomes, playing an important role in attachment of spindle microtubules to generate forces during chromosome segregation. During mitosis, pairs of sister chromatids produced by DNA replication segregate equally to dividing cells. In contrast, during meiosis, sister chromatids segregate to the same pole (reductional segregation) in meiosis I while they segregate to the opposite poles (equational segregation) in meiosis II as in mitosis. Reductional segregation is achieved by monopolar attachment of the spindle to the kinetochore that is established uniquely during meiosis. Thus, the kinetochore undergoes significant reorganization during the transition from mitosis to meiosis.
These fundamental functions of the kinetochore are conserved from yeasts to humans. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a 125-base pair sequence called CDE is sufficient for centromere function (Cottarel et al., 1989). In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the centromere spans from 40 to 100 kbp (Chikashige et al., 1989). Human chromosomes have a large centromere consisting of more than 1 Mbp of repetitive alpha satellite sequence flanked by heterochromatin (reviewed in Cleveland et al., 2003; Maiato et al., 2004). In spite of the variation in centromere DNA sequences, kinetochore proteins are well conserved among organisms. The S. cerevisiae kinetochore complex is composed of four subcomplexes: MIND, NDC80, COMA, and Ctf19 (De Wulf et al., 2003). In addition, the DASH complex is localized at the kinetochore and the spindle and is required for spindle attachment to the kinetochore (Cheeseman et al., 2001; Li et al., 2002). The S. cerevisiae DASH complex is composed of 10 proteins that localize at the kinetochore and the spindle (Miranda et al., 2005; Westermann et al., 2005). Biochemical analyses have revealed that the kinetochore complex is comprised of subcomplexes of proteins. Many of these proteins are conserved in other eukaryotes, from yeasts to humans (De Wulf et al., 2003; Nekrasov et al., 2003; Cheeseman et al., 2004; Obuse et al., 2004; reviewed in Meraldi et al., 2006).
Subcomplex structures of the S. pombe kinetochore, similar to that of S. cerevisiae and humans, have been reported (Hayashi et al., 2004; Obuse et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2005). The S. pombe kinetochore contains the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80, Nuf2, Spc24, and Spc25), which is highly conserved in many organisms from yeasts to humans (Nabetani et al., 2001; Wigge and Kilmartin, 2001). S. pombe mis12+, mis13+, mis14+, nnf1+, and spc7+ genes exhibit genetic interactions (Obuse et al., 2004), and their respective proteins have been copurified with the Ndc80 complex (Liu et al., 2005). Mis12, Mis13, Mis14, and Nnf1 likely compose the Mis12 complex, corresponding to the S. cerevisiae MIND complex. A supercomplex containing the Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes and the Spc7 protein is also called NMS complex collectively (Liu et al., 2005). Recently 13 proteins were purified as a Mis6-containing complex by biochemical purification (Liu et al., 2005). These proteins include Sim4 and Mis15, which have been reported to depend on the Mis6 protein for their centromere localization (Takahashi et al., 2000; Pidoux et al., 2003; Hayashi et al., 2004). Thus, it is likely that these proteins compose the Mis6 complex (also called the Sim4 complex in Liu et al., 2005), which corresponds to the S. cerevisiae COMA and Ctf19 complexes. Ten S. pombe proteins, which are conserved in the S. cerevisiae DASH complex, were purified as a complex by biochemical purification (Liu et al., 2005). The DASH complex is localized at the kinetochore and the spindle at mitotic phase (Liu et al., 2005) and functions with Klp5/6 to capture the kinetochore (Sanchez-Perez et al., 2005), indicating that it plays a role in spindle attachment during chromosome segregation. In addition to these mitotic centromere proteins, meiosis-specific centromere proteins, Sgo1 and Moa1, that play an important role in meiotic chromosome segregation have been characterized in S. pombe. Moa1 is essential to establish the monopolar kinetochore together with the meiotic cohesin Rec8 (Yokobayashi and Watanabe, 2005), and Sgo1 protects Rec8 at the centromere to maintain cohesion between sister centromeres until meiosis II (Kitajima et al., 2004; Rabitsch et al., 2004).
S. pombe provides a useful experimental system in which to study the reorganization of chromosomes during meiosis. In this organism, the centromeres cluster near the spindle pole body (SPB; a centrosome-equivalent structure in fungi) throughout mitotic interphase; however, during meiotic prophase centromeres detach from the SPB, and instead telomeres cluster to the SPB (Chikashige et al., 1994). During this period of meiosis, the nucleus elongates and oscillates between the cell poles, with telomeres clustered at the SPB located at the leading edge of the moving nucleus. The elongated nucleus is often called the "horsetail" nucleus. This striking repositioning of centromeres may be associated with meiotic reorganization of the kinetochore, which occurs during the horsetail stage when the centromeres are separated from the SPB. Analysis of centromere proteins in meiotic prophase would improve our understanding of the mechanisms controlling centromere reorganization during meiosis.
Recently we found that the Ndc80 complex proteins and Mis12 disappear during meiotic prophase (Asakawa et al., 2005). To further investigate this finding in the current study we have observed 22 centromere proteins in living cells during meiosis. Time-lapse observation of living cells can provide a unique opportunity to follow the dynamic appearance and disappearance of proteins directly in individual cells. Our observations indicate that the mitotic centromere proteins may be classified into three groups that each behaves differently during meiosis. The behaviors of the meiosis-specific centromere proteins, Sgo1 and Moa1, were also followed during meiosis and compared with those of the mitotic centromere proteins.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. YES medium was used for routine culture. EMM2 liquid medium depleted of nitrogen sources (EMM2-N) and ME agar plates were used to induce meiosis and sporulation.
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). The PCR template pAH90 plasmid for GFP-3HA tagging was constructed by inserting the GFP gene into the pFA6a-3HA-kanMX plasmid. A strain carrying Cnp1-YFP is a gift of Dr. M. Yoshida (RIKEN, Saitama, Japan), in which Cnp1-YFP is integrated at the leu1+ locus, and is expressed under the nmt1 promoter (Matsuyama et al., 2006). A strain carrying Sid4 fused with monomeric RFP (mRFP) was crossed with a GFP-HA tagged strain for double staining of the SPB and the kinetochore (Chikashige et al., 2006). For tagging the Nuf2 carboxyl terminal with mRFP, the promoter region and ORF region of the nuf2+ gene were cloned by PCR using genomic DNA as the template and fused with the mRFP coding gene in a vector containing the S. pombe lys1+ gene. The resulting plasmid, pHA142, was integrated at the lys1+ locus to produce a strain carrying an additional copy of the nuf2+ gene. A fragment of pHA142, which contains the Nuf2-mRFP coding sequence and the nmt1+ terminator, was ligated to pYC6 carrying the S. pombe ura4+ marker gene (pHA143). The fusion construct coding Nuf2-mRFP was integrated at the chromosomal nuf2+ locus. Chromosomal integration was confirmed by PCR. The nnf1+ gene was isolated by RT-PCR using a 3'-RACE kit (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan).
Fluorescence Microscopy of Living S. pombe Cells
Live-cell observation was carried out as described in Ding et al. (2004) with some modifications. For observation of vegetative cells, cells were cultured in YES liquid medium at 26°C. Early log phase cells were collected, washed with distilled water, and then transferred to EMM2 medium. For observation of meiotic cells, meiosis was induced by transferring log phase cells to an ME plate. After a 16-h incubation at 20°C, the cells were suspended in EMM2-N medium supplemented with appropriate amino acids. For staining chromosomes in living cells, cells were washed twice with distilled water and treated with Hoechst 33342 (at a final concentration of 25 µg/ml in distilled water) for 15 min at room temperature. For live observation, cells were placed on a 35-mm glass-bottom culture dish coated with 0.2% (wt/vol) concanavalin A (MatTek, Ashland, MA). Fluorescence microscope images were obtained using SoftWoRx software on the DeltaVision microscope system (Applied Precision, Seattle, WA) set up in a temperature-controlled room as described previously (Haraguchi et al., 1999). A set of images taken at 10 focal planes with 0.3-µm intervals were obtained every 5 min for observation of centromere proteins throughout meiosis. The intensity was corrected by subtracting the background that measured outside cells. For cells double-stained for Nuf2 and Sid4, or Dam1 and Sid4, images were obtained every 2 min.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed as described previously (Jin et al., 2002, Katou et al., 2003). Cnl2-GFP-3HA cells were grown at 26°C to log phase and shifted to 18°C for 30 min. Cells were then fixed with 1% of formaldehyde for 1 h at 18°C. Cell extracts were prepared using Multibeads Shocker (Yasui Kikai, Osaka, Japan). Magnetic beads conjugated with protein A (Dynabeads Protein A, Dynal, Norway) and anti-HA antibody (3F10, Roche, Indianapolis, IN) was used for ChIP. ChIP analysis was carried out by quantitative PCR, with ABI PRISM 7000 and ABsolute QPCR SYBR green ROX Mix (Abgene, Epsom, United Kingdom). The sequences of primers used were described previously: by Saitoh et al. (1997) for the cnt and lys1+ regions and by Jin et al. (2002) for the imr and otr regions.
Preparation of Cell Extracts for Immunoblot Analysis
Synchronized cultures of meiotic cells were prepared using a temperature-sensitive pat1-114 or pat1-114 mat-Pc strain as described in Yamamoto and Hiraoka (2003). Approximately 0.5 x 107 cells/ml culture in EMM2-N medium were incubated at 26°C for 16 h and were induced to enter meiosis by shifting the temperature to 34°C. For preparation of cell extracts, cells were collected at appropriate times and incubated with 1 mM PMSF for 10 min at room temperature. Cells were washed three times with lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 140 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1x protease inhibitor cocktail [Roche], and 1 mM PMSF) and disrupted using a Multibeads Shocker (Yasui Kikai). The resulting cell extracts were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. Cell extracts, each containing 
70 µg total protein, were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. GFP-3HA–tagged proteins were detected using the 3F10 rat monoclonal anti-HA antibody (Roche) at 1:1000 dilution. To confirm equal loading, the Cdc2 protein was detected with anti-PSTAIR (a gift from Dr. Yamashita, Hokkaido University).
Preparation of Fixed Cells
S. pombe cells were fixed with 3% of formaldehyde for 5 min at room temperature. Fixed cells were washed twice with PBS containing 0.05% Triton X-100 and stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) at a final concentration of 2–5 µg/ml. For the synchronized cultures of meiotic cells, cells of the pat1-114 mat-Pc mutant that had been induced to enter meiosis were collected at appropriate times after the temperature shift and fixed with cold 70% ethanol.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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1000 GFP fusion constructs, in which the coding sequence of GFP and 3HA is integrated at the 3'-end of the chromosomal ORF to express the fusion construct under the control of its own promoter (A. Hayashi and Y. Hiraoka, unpublished results). This library contains a group of uncharacterized genes that are predicted to be nuclear proteins (Wood et al., 2002). Microscopic screening of these GFP-fusion gene products assigned 22 of them as centromere proteins; their localization at the centromere was confirmed by colocalization with the well-characterized centromere protein, Nuf2. Of these 22 proteins, three proteins were newly identified and named the Cnl proteins (centromere localized protein). During the course of our study, Cnl1 and Cnl3 were independently identified as Mis13 protein (Obuse et al., 2004) and Fta7 (Liu et al., 2005), respectively. Cnl2 (ORF ID: SPAC23H4.11c) is yet uncharacterized and has no obvious homologues in other organisms (Figure 1A). Gene disruption experiments have revealed that cnl2+ is nonessential for mitotic cell growth (data not shown).
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), and the observation that their centromere localization is limited to the M phase has been previously reported in S. pombe (Liu et al., 2005). Thus, we assigned these four proteins to the DASH complex (Table 2).
Meiotic Behaviors of Kinetochore Proteins Observed in Living Cells
Next we examined the meiotic behavior of these 22 centromere proteins. In S. pombe, haploid cells of the opposite mating type conjugate upon nitrogen starvation; two haploid nuclei fuse together during karyogamy, and meiotic prophase is characterized by the elongated horsetail nucleus moving back and forth between the cell ends (Figure 2A). This oscillatory movement continues for some hours; after stopping at the center of the cell, the nucleus condenses and initiates meiotic divisions. During nuclear movements, centromeres are separated from the SPB (Figure 2A). Eighteen group 1 proteins behaved differently during meiosis and were further classified into two subgroups: the Mis6-like and NMS groups (Table 2). Proteins of the Mis6-like group remained at the centromere throughout meiosis (Figure 2B), whereas those of the NMS group disappeared from the centromere or their presence was significantly reduced, during meiotic prophase (Figure 3).
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). Cnp1 and Cnp3/Mif2 are homologues of metazoan CENP-A and CENP-C, respectively. S. pombe Dad1 was localized at the centromere throughout mitosis as shown previously (Liu et al., 2005). Dad1 remained at the centromere during meiosis (Figure 2B) as well as mitosis and was thus classified as a Mis6-like group protein, despite the fact that Dad1 belongs to the DASH complex in S. cerevisiae. We classified Cnl2 and Fta7 as members of this group because they remained at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis. In addition, their centromere localization depended on Mis6: Cnl2 and Fta7 proteins lost their centromere localization in a mis6-302 temperature-sensitive mutant at the restricted temperature of 36°C (Figure 1E).
The NMS group contains nine proteins that disappear from the centromere during meiotic prophase (Table 2; Figure 3). This group of proteins correspond to the biochemically defined NMS supercomplex, which is comprised of the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80, Nuf2, Spc24, and Spc25), the Mis12 complex (Mis12, Mis13, Mis14, and Nnf1), and Spc7 (Liu et al., 2005). In this report, hereafter we refer to the Mis12 complex and the Spc7 protein as the Mis12-Spc7 complex. These proteins showed similar, but slightly different, behaviors of disappearance and reappearance during meiotic prophase. The Ndc80 complex proteins and Spc7 disappeared from the centromere during karyogamy and reappeared in late meiotic prophase (Asakawa et al., 2005; Figure 3). In contrast, levels of Mis12 complex proteins were significantly reduced at the centromere during meiotic prophase, with only residual faint signals detected (Figure 3). Different localization patterns were observed when these proteins were overexpressed under the control of the nmt1 promoter in meiotic prophase; although overexpression of Nuf2 of the Ndc80 complex showed diffuse cytoplasmic localization (Asakawa et al., 2005), overexpression of Mis13 and Mis14 of the Mis12 complex showed diffuse nuclear localization (data not shown).
The DASH complex proteins (Dam1, Spc34, Dad2, and Ask1) were not detected during meiotic prophase. They reappeared at the centromere shortly before metaphase of meiosis I (Figure 4), as is seen at metaphase in the mitotic cell cycle. Centromere localization limited to the period of chromosome segregation supports their role in spindle attachment. Taken together, the behavior of these groups was generally consistent with the subcomplex structures that have been identified from genetic interaction and biochemical purification studies (Hayashi et al., 2004; Obuse et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2005).
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), we examined if the Mis12-Spc7 complex proteins are regulated by the same signaling pathway. To this end, we used h– haploid cells carrying the temperature-sensitive pat1-114 mutation. Cells of the pat1-114 mutant can be induced to enter meiosis by shifting to a restrictive temperature (Iino and Yamamoto, 1985). In this mutant, in contrast to the wild type, centromeres remain clustered at the SPB during meiotic prophase (Chikashige et al., 2004). Importantly, centromeres become separated from the SPB in response to activation of mating pheromone signaling by mat-Pc gene expression (Asakawa et al., 2005). We observed localization of the Mis12-Spc7 complex proteins in h– pat1-114 mutant cells and h– pat1-114 mutant cells carrying the mat-Pc gene at the restrictive temperature of 34°C. In the pat1-114 mutant strains, meiotic division I starts 4–5 h after the temperature shift-up. Cells were observed at 0 and 4 h after the temperature shift-up. Observation revealed that all the Mis12-Spc7 complex proteins were localized at the centromere both at 0 and 4 h in pat1-114 mutant cells not expressing the mat1-Pc gene (Figure 5B). In contrast, in pat1-114 mutant cells expressing the mat-Pc gene, centromere localization of the Mis12-Spc7 complex proteins was decreased at 0 h (Figure 5C). At 4 h, some cells entered meiosis I, and in those cells Mis12-Spc7 complex proteins were relocated to the centromere, as was observed in wild-type cells (Figure 5C). These results indicate that the disappearance of the Mis12-Spc7 complex, as well as the Ndc80 complex, from the centromere is regulated by the same pathway via mating pheromone signaling.
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), and then accumulates at the centromere in metaphase probably at the time of spindle attachment to the kinetochore.
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Next, to examine loading of Moa1 and Sgo1 in response to mating pheromone signaling, we observed localization of these proteins in h– pat1-114 mutant cells and h– pat1-114 mutant cells carrying the mat-Pc gene. Sgo1-GFP did not localized at the centromere before the temperature shift-up (Figure 9A, 0 h). After the shift-up to the restrictive temperature of 34°C, bright signals of Sgo1-GFP appeared at the centromere in pat1 mat-Pc cells (Figure 9A), and proportion of the cells with Sgo1-GFP signals reached the peak at 3 h (Figure 9C), corresponding to meiotic prophase as estimated in Figure 9B. In contrast, only faint signals of Sgo1-GFP were observed in pat1 cells at 5 h (Figure 9, A and C). Fluorescence intensity of Sgo1-GFP was significantly dimmer in pat1 cells than in pat1 mat-Pc cells: 98% of the Sgo1-GFP signals were below 30 in pat1 cells, whereas 77% of the Sgo1-GFP signals were above 30 in pat1 mat-Pc cells (Figure 9D). At 8 h, Sgo1-GFP disappeared from the centromere (Figure 9, A and C). These results suggest that mating pheromone signaling promotes loading of Sgo1 to the centromere. On the other hand, Moa1-GFP was localized at the centromere before the temperature shift-up both in pat1 and pat1 mat-Pc strains (Figure 9A), although the fluorescence intensity of Moa1-GFP was slightly higher in pat1 mat-Pc cells (213 ± 58.5 for 100 cells) than in pat1 cells (154.2 ± 30.6 for 100 cells). Interestingly, after temperature shift-up Moa1-GFP remained at the centromere throughout meiosis (Figure 9A). This persistent centromere localization of Moa1 in the pat1 haploid strains differed from that in wild-type diploid cells, in which Moa1 appears at an early horsetail stage and disappears at anaphase I during meiosis (Yokobayashi and Watanabe, 2005; Figure 7A). These results suggest that localization of Moa1 is regulated independently of mating pheromone signaling in the pat1 mutant background.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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; Cheeseman et al., 2004; Obuse et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2005).
Mis6 Complex: Basic Architecture of the Kinetochore
The Mis6 complex forms the constitutive structure of the kinetochore in meiosis as well as mitosis, providing a framework for the centromere. Thirteen proteins were identified in a Mis6-containing complex that was isolated by biochemical purification. Interestingly, only four of them had homologues in S. cerevisiae (Liu et al., 2005). This contrasts with the highly homologous components of the Ndc80 and DASH complexes. The less conserved nature of the Mis6 complex may reflect variations in the DNA sequences among species.
Nevertheless, this complex seems to play a conserved role in forming a biorientation kinetochore in mitosis or a mono-orientation kinetochore in meiosis I in a cohesin-mediated manner. Recently, it has been reported that S. pombe Moa1 functions in meiotic cohesin Rec8-mediated monopolar spindle attachment at meiosis I and that its centromere localization depends on Cnp3, a CENP-C homolog (Yokobayashi and Watanabe, 2005). In S. cerevisiae, centromere localization of meiotic cohesin Rec8 is reduced by loss of CHL4 (Marston et al., 2004), which is a homolog of S. pombe Mis15, and Mis15 requires Mis6 for its centromere localization (Hayashi et al., 2004). Mis6 is also required for loading of Cnp1, a CENP-A homolog (Takahashi et al., 2000). Thus, the Mis6 complex forms a "foothold" for the Rec8-mediated mono-orientation kinetochore, most likely through interactions with CENP-A– and CENP-C–associated regions of the centromere (Figure 10A).
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). In C. elegans, HIM-10 protein (Nuf2 homolog) is also localized at the kinetochore only in the mitotic phase and relocates to the cytoplasm in interphase (Howe et al., 2001). Similarly, in humans, hNuf2 protein is localized at the kinetochore in the mitotic phase and relocates to the cytoplasm in interphase (Nabetani et al., 2001), whereas hMis12 remains at the centromere throughout the mitotic cell cycle (Goshima et al., 2003). Thus, localization of the Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes is regulated during the cell cycle differently among organisms, probably reflecting different mechanisms of spindle formation. Also S. pombe Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes locate at the centromere independently of each other because Mis12 protein is still localized at the centromere in the nuf2-1 mutant (Saitoh et al., 2005) and Nuf2 is also localized to the centromere in the mis12 mutant (H. Asakawa and Y. Hiraoka, unpublished results).
In S. pombe, Mis12 and Ndc80 complexes dissociate from the centromere during meiotic prophase. S. cerevisiae Nuf2 also disappears from the centromere during meiosis (Hayashi et al., 1998; Asakawa et al., 2005). The biological significance of dissociation of the Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes during meiotic prophase remains unknown. In S. pombe, when pat1-114 cells are induced to enter meiosis in the absence of mating pheromone signaling, the Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes remain at the centromere and fail in reductional segregation in meiosis I (Asakawa et al., 2005; this article). Action of the mating pheromone on these pat1-114 cells dissociates the Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes from the centromere and results in reductional segregation in meiosis I (Yamamoto and Hiraoka, 2003; Asakawa et al., 2005; this article). Thus, there is an interesting correlation between the centromere dissociation of the Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes and the formation of monopolar spindle attachment downstream of mating pheromone signaling. Removal of the Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes from the centromere under mating pheromone signaling may be a prerequisite for reconstruction of the kinetochore during meiosis, allowing meiotic centromere proteins to be incorporated into the kinetochore. Alternatively, formation of monopolar kinetochore may be regulated by mating pheromone signaling, but independently of removal of the Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes. In this context, it should be noted that Sgo1 is loaded to the centromere in response to mating pheromone signaling. On the other hand, it has been shown that Rec8 and Moa1 are loaded to the centromere in the absence of mating pheromone signaling in pat1 mutant strains, but chromosomes fail reductional segregation under these circumstances (Yamamoto and Hiraoka, 2003; this article). Therefore, we can conclude that loading of Rec8 and Moa1 to the centromere is not sufficient for reductional segregation of chromosomes. We can also conclude that disappearance of Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes from the centromere is not necessary for loading Rec8 and Moa1 because Ndc80 and Mis12 complexes remain at the centromere in the absence of mating pheromone signaling in pat1 mutant strains (Asakawa et al., 2005; this article). Thus, yet-unknown factors are likely involved in regulation of monopolar kinetochore formation under mating pheromone signaling.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Footnotes |
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Address correspondence to: Yasushi Hiraoka (yasushi{at}nict.go.jp)
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) or in the pat1 strain (
). About 200 cells were counted at each time point. Sgo1 appearance reaches its peak at 3 h in the pat1 mat-Pc strain and at 5 h in the pat1 strain. This difference in time is likely due to slower progression of meiosis in the absence of mating pheromone signaling as shown in B. (D) Histogram of fluorescence intensity of Sgo1-GFP signals. Peak intensity of the GFP signal was measured using the SoftWoRx software. Proportion of the cells in each range of intensity is shown as a bar graph in the pat1 mat-Pc strain at 3 h (