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Vol. 19, Issue 12, 5267-5278, December 2008
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*Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; and Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3854 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
Submitted April 14, 2008;
Revised September 26, 2008;
Accepted October 2, 2008
Monitoring Editor: Jean Gruenberg
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). The sorting event also sequesters the EGFR-associated tyrosine kinase activity from the cytosol, thereby shutting off downstream signaling. Several components required for inward budding and sorting in multivesicular endosomes have been identified, mainly through the initial work on vacuolar protein sorting in yeast. They include the three endosomal sorting complexes required for sorting, ESCRT I to III, and the Vps27 protein Hrs in mammalian cells that recruits the sequentially acting ESCRT complexes to endosomal membranes (for reviews, see Gruenberg and Stenmark, 2004; van der Goot and Gruenberg, 2006; Piper and Katzmann, 2007; Piper and Luzio, 2007).
EGFR sorting requires the receptor-associated tyrosine kinase activity, and EGF has been shown to stimulate the biogenesis of a certain subpopulation of multivesicular endosomes that contain the sequestered EGFR (White et al., 2006). This kinase-dependent sorting involves the cytosolic protein annexin A1, which serves as an EGFR substrate during this event (White et al., 2006). Although annexin A1 thereby participates in the inward vesiculation process, a structurally related protein, annexin A2, has been implicated in the actual formation of multivesicular endosomes at the endosomal sorting compartment (Mayran et al., 2003).
Annexins A1 and A2 are members of a multigene family of Ca2+-regulated membrane binding proteins that participate in different membrane-related processes. All annexins share a conserved protein core that serves as a membrane docking module mediating the binding to membrane phospholipids with different annexins showing different phospholipid specificities. The second principal annexin domain is the N-terminal head region that is unique for each member and can serve as an interaction site for different protein ligands. This two domain structure enables annexins to recruit interacting proteins to certain membrane sites. Some annexins harbor binding sites for cytoskeletal proteins, and these members of the family have been implicated in membrane–cytoskeleton interactions (for reviews, see Hayes et al., 2004; Rescher and Gerke, 2004; Gerke et al., 2005). Annexin A8 is a so far poorly characterized annexin able to interact with phosphatidylinositides and F-actin in a Ca2+-dependent manner, suggesting that it might function in coupling membranes to the actin cytoskeleton. In line with this property, it is specifically recruited to membrane sites that are associated with dynamic actin rearrangements in HeLa cells infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (Goebeler et al., 2006).
Here, we present evidence that annexin A8 is involved in the maintenance and physiological function of the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Annexin A8 overexpression caused an increase in the average diameter and a clustering of late multivesicular endosomes in the perinuclear region, whereas depletion of endogenous annexin A8 resulted in a reduced average diameter of late endosomes and their relocation to the cell periphery. Importantly, annexin A8 depletion impaired EGF degradation and EGF-induced degradation of EGFR, resulting in sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Reduced copelleting of late endosomal membranes with F-actin in the annexin A8-depleted cells suggests that annexin A8 is involved in late endosome function by coupling endocytic membranes to the actin network.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). The annexin A8-specific siRNA duplex with 2-nt (2'-deoxy)-thymidine 3' overhang corresponding to nucleotides 848–866 of the coding sequence of human annexin A8 was from Sigma –Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Nontargeting control siRNA (siGenome nontargeting siRNA) and fluorescent control siRNA (siGLO) as a transfection indicator were obtained from Dharmacon RNA Technologies (Lafayette, CO).
Cell Culture, Transfection, and Drug Treatment
HeLa cells were maintained in DMEM with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin in a 7% CO2 incubator at 37°C. Cells were transfected with siRNA by using Oligofectamine (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol and further cultivated for 48 h. Transfection frequency was routinely assessed by microscopic detection of cells transfected with fluorescent siGLO control siRNA (Dharmacon RNA Technologies) added to the siRNA transfection reactions and was typically >90%. For plasmid transfection, Effectene (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA) was used according to the manufacturer's protocol. For treatment with the actin-perturbing drugs latrunculin A (LTNA) and cytochalasin D (CD), cells were incubated for 10 min with 0.5 µM LTNA or for 15 min with 1 µM CD in culture medium at 37°C.
Labeling with Fluorescent Endocytosed Probes
HeLa cells expressing annexin A8-GFP for 24 h were incubated in internalization medium (minimal essential medium, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 0.8 mg/ml sodium bicarbonate, and 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin [BSA]) containing 0.15 mg/ml DQ Red-BSA (Invitrogen) for 1 h and then chased overnight in culture medium. The bright fluorescence of this pH insensitive, strongly self-quenched dye is only seen after proteolytic cleavage in late endosomes. For visualizing EGF transport, cells were serum starved overnight and incubated with 2 µg/ml rhodamine-conjugated EGF (Invitrogen) for 10 min in serum-free culture medium, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and either fixed immediately or chased for 4 h and then fixed. All incubations were carried out at 37°C.
Immunocytochemistry and Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
Goat polyclonal anti-human annexin A8 antibody (c-20) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Anti-actin antibody clone AC-15 was from Sigma-Aldrich. The mouse monoclonal antibodies against human lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 1 and LAMP3/CD63, clones H4A3 and H5C6, respectively, were obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA). Mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) against LBPA (Kobayashi et al., 1998) was kindly provided by Jean Gruenberg (University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland). HeLa cells grown on coverslips were fixed with methanol (–20°C) for 2 min followed by an additional fixation step with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS for 10 min. Fixed cells were blocked with 2% BSA in PBS for 20 min and then incubated with primary antibodies at room temperature for 60 min. The cells were then washed with PBS and incubated at room temperature for 40 min with the appropriate secondary antibody coupled to Texas Red or Cy2. Confocal microscopy was performed using an LSM 510 META microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) equipped with a Plan-Apochromat 63x/1.4 oil immersion objective. For the size of LAMP1-positive endosomes, for each experimental condition, 10 cells were randomly chosen, and the diameter of 20 LAMP1-positive vesicles/cell was measured using the LSM3.2 software (Carl Zeiss). Giant vesicles were defined by a diameter size 
1.6 µm. Statistical significance of the results was evaluated by unpaired Student's t tests. To quantify the association of annexin A8-GFP with the endosomes and the plasma membrane, digital images were imported in MetaMorph (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) and thresholded for each cell to define and exclude cytosolic background pixel intensity. For each cell, the outlines were defined, and all pixels of the annexin A8 signal with intensities above the threshold were recorded. Nuclear signals were subtracted to obtain the integrated gray value intensity of total cellular membrane-bound annexin A8-GFP. Next, the integrated gray value intensities of the plasma membrane regions were recorded and subtracted from the total membrane intensity, resulting in the endosomal gray value of annexin A8-GFP association. Signals of the different compartments were calculated as percentage of total membrane-bound annexin A8-GFP for a given cell. Data were collected from 20 cells out of >10 independent transfection experiments. The statistical significance of the results was evaluated by unpaired t tests.
Cryoimmunoelectron Microscopy
Cells were prefixed in 4% PFA and 0.4% glutaraldehyde (GA) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, for 10 min. Subsequently, cells were fixed using 2% PFA and 0.2% GA in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, for 2 h at room temperature. Fixed cells were washed with PBS, and free aldehyde groups were quenched with 50 mM glycine in PBS. Cells were scraped in PBS containing 1% gelatin and pelleted in 12% gelatin. The cell pellets were solidified on ice and cut into small blocks, which were incubated for cryoprotection overnight at 4°C in 2.3 M sucrose. Blocks were mounted on aluminum pins and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Ultrathin cryosectioning and immunogold labeling were done as described using a polyclonal antibody against GFP from Invitrogen (Slot et al., 1991; Liou et al., 1996).
EGF Degradation Assay
Cells were serum starved overnight and incubated with 1 ng/ml 125I-EGF (PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Boston, MA) for 10 min at 37°C in serum-free medium, acid stripped at 4°C to remove surface-bound EGF (0.1 M glycine, pH 3.0, and 0.9% NaCl), and further chased for the indicated periods. Determination of 125I-EGF degradation was carried out essentially as described previously (White et al., 2006). Briefly, incubation media were collected and proteins were precipitated with 20% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Cells were lysed with 1% Triton X-100 for 10 min at 4°C. 125I-EGF degradation was determined as ratio of TCA-soluble counts in the medium (degradation products) to total counts in the lysates. Statistical significance of the results from four independent experiments was evaluated by unpaired Student's t tests.
Analysis of Annexin A8 RNA Interference (RNAi), EGFR Degradation, and ERK1/2 Activation
To analyze EGFR degradation, cells were serum starved overnight and incubated with 100 ng/ml EGF (BIOMOL Research Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA) and 10 µg/ml cycloheximide for the indicated periods. Cells were then scraped in ice-cold PBS, pelleted, resuspended in 8 M urea, and sonicated. Equal amounts of total cellular protein were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and subsequent immunoblotting using rabbit polyclonal anti-EGF receptor antibody (sc-03; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). To investigate activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK1/2, the membranes were probed with rabbit anti-phospho-ERK1/2 antibodies and subsequently stripped and reprobed for total ERK (mouse monoclonal phospho-p42/44 and rabbit polyclonal p42/44; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA) as described previously (Lange et al., 2007). Remaining EGFR levels after stimulation were analyzed by quantifying the intensities of the 180-kDa band representing the mature EGFR. Phospho-ERK1/2 levels were normalized to total ERK levels in the corresponding samples. RNAi efficiency was assessed with goat polyclonal anti-human annexin A8 antibody from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Detection of vimentin using monoclonal anti-vimentin antibody (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) was included as internal loading control. Signal intensities were quantified by densitometric analysis using the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Statistical significance of the results obtained from five independent experiments was evaluated by unpaired Student's t test.
Subcellular Fractionation
Cells expressing annexin A8-GFP were lysed in 10 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.4, with added protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) by passage through a 23-gauge needle. When indicated, Ca2+ was added to a final concentration of 500 µM. Postnuclear supernatants (PNS) were prepared by centrifugation of the lysates for 10 min at 1000 x g. Membranes were pelleted by centrifugation of PNS for 60 min at 100,000 x g. Equal protein amounts of PNS, the resuspended membrane pellets, and the final supernatants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and subsequent immunoblotting using goat polyclonal anti-human annexin A8 antibody (c-20; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-LAMP2 antibody (clone H4B4; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank). Amounts of annexin A8-GFP in the different fractions were quantified by densitometric scanning using the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health) and calculated as percentage of total annexin A8-GFP detected in the fractionation. Statistical significance of the results obtained from at least five independent experiments was evaluated by unpaired Student's t test.
Fractionation of Actin-associated Membranes
The actin-associated late endosomal membrane fraction was prepared essentially as described previously (Richardson et al., 2004; Holtta-Vuori et al., 2005). Briefly, postnuclear supernatants were prepared by lysing cells in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM magnesium acetate, and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics) by passage through a 23-gauge needle and centrifugation for 15 min at 600 x g. Nocodazole (100 µM) was added for 30 min at 37°C to depolymerize microtubules. Membranes were pelleted at 100,000 x g for 5 min. Amounts of actin, LAMP2, and tubulin in the postnuclear supernatants as well as in the membrane fractions were detected by immunoblotting using the respective antibodies (anti-actin, clone AC-15 [Sigma-Aldrich]; anti-LAMP2, clone H4B4 [Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank]; anti-tubulin, clone YL1/2) and quantified by densitometric scanning using the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health). To normalize the different experiments, LAMP2 and actin signals in the pelleted membranes were calculated as percentage of input. Bars represent the mean amount ± SEM of actin-associated LAMP2 in the pellets of 11 independent experiments. Statistical significance of the results was evaluated by unpaired Student's t test.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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) in HeLa cells. In these cells, low levels of endogenous annexin A8 are detectable (our unpublished data). Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that, in addition to some diffuse background signal of apparently nonmembrane-associated protein, annexin A8-GFP localized to the plasma membrane and to large ring-shaped vesicular structures (Figure 1). These vesicles were distributed throughout the whole cell but seemed more concentrated in the perinuclear region, a pattern reminiscent of late endosomal compartments. Therefore, we used well-established markers for late endosomal organelles. Annexin A8-GFP–positive vesicles largely colocalized with LAMP1 and LAMP2, membrane glycoproteins that are two of the most abundant proteins found both in late endosomes and lysosomes (Griffiths et al., 1988), and the late endosomal tetraspanin LAMP3 (Escola et al., 1998) (Figure 1A; our unpublished data). Immunofluorescence staining of the endogenous annexin A8 protein revealed a similar colocalization (our unpublished data). Annexin A8-GFP also showed a high degree of colocalization with LBPA, a poorly degradable phospholipid found exclusively on the internal membranes of multivesicular late endosomes (Kobayashi et al., 1998; Matsuo et al., 2004), with the ring-shaped annexin A8-GFP signal surrounding LBPA-positive smaller sphere-shaped internal vesicles (Figure 1A). In contrast, we observed only a very limited colabeling with early endosomal antigen 1, Rab11, or transferrin receptor, established markers of the early/recycling endosomal compartment (data not shown). Thus, in addition to the plasma membrane, annexin A8 seems to be specifically associated with the limiting membranes of multivesicular late endosomes. To confirm that the annexin A8-GFP–positive vesicles are accessible to cargo destined for degradation in the lysosomal pathway, we used DQ Red-BSA, a substrate that heavily self-quenches and requires enzymatic cleavage in an acidic intracellular compartment to generate a fluorescent product. As shown in Figure 1B, DQ Red-BSA was found in annexin A8-GFP-surrounded endosomes further supporting the conclusion that these vesicles were of late endosomal origin.
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13% of the ectopically expressed protein is found in the membrane pellet, whereas the majority (>80%) is found in the cytosolic fraction. Addition of Ca2+ during the cell lysis led to a significant translocation of annexin A8-GFP from the cytosol to the membrane fraction, a characteristic feature of annexins. To further discriminate between the different pools of the membrane bound annexin A8-GFP observed by fluorescence microscopy, we established single cell analysis of the annexin A8-GFP ratio associated with the plasma membrane and endosomes, respectively. As shown in Figure 3C, plasma membrane bound annexin A8-GFP represented roughly 10% of all annexin A8-GFP signals found associated with membranes within a single cell, and >80% were found on endosomes.
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25%, whereas RNAi-mediated depletion of annexin A8 led to smaller endosomes with the average size (0.65 µm) being decreased to 70% of LAMP1-positive endosomes in the respective control cells (0.9 µm). Expression of GFP alone neither affected the distribution nor the size of the late endosomes. The observed phenotype on the morphology of LAMP1-positive endosomes was also observed on down-regulation of annexin A8 with a second independent annexin A8-specific siRNA duplex (data not shown), arguing for the specificity of the phenotype.
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60 min (Wiley, 2003), we focused on longer ligand exposure times. As shown in Figure 9, the delayed degradation of the EGFR observed in annexin A8 deficient cells resulted in a sustained ERK signaling. In mock-transfected HeLa cells, EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation is markedly declining within 120 min of EGF exposure. In contrast, substantial ERK activation could still be observed at that time point in annexin A8-depleted cells (Figure 9B).
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). Altering annexin A8 levels did not change the overall appearance of the actin cytoskeleton (data not shown), arguing against a general role of the protein in the organization of the cellular actin network. Because annexin A8 specifically affects properties of late endosomes and because many observations link the actin cytoskeleton to late endosomal distribution, morphology, trafficking, and fusion (Jahraus et al., 2001; Eitzen et al., 2002; Kjeken et al., 2004), we next analyzed whether annexin A8 regulates the association of actin with late endosomes.
As shown in Figure 10A, actin patches localized to many of the perinuclear annexin A8-GFP–positive endosomes in cells expressing annexin A8-GFP. To assess whether the actin cytoskeleton participates in mediating the effect of annexin A8 on the appearance of LAMP1-positive endosomes, we perturbed the actin filaments with the actin-interfering drugs latrunculin A and cytochalasin D, both potent inhibitors of actin polymerization. Latrunculin A still permits lysosomes to move rapidly, but it impairs directed transport, leading to random movements (Cordonnier et al., 2001). In cells that were treated with latrunculin A for 10 min, the annexin A8-positive vesicles seemed more disperse and were found closer to the plasma membrane (Figure 10B shows a representative image). This could be due to a decreased association of these endosomes with actin filaments, resulting in randomly directed movements. Cytochalasin D has been shown to decrease the ability of lysosomes to move by trapping them in actin patches throughout the cell (Cordonnier et al., 2001). In line with the published observations, cells that were treated with cytochalasin D for 15 min showed a more dispersed distribution of LAMP1-positive endosomes (Figure 10C, top). In contrast, cells that were depleted of annexin A8 did not show further dispersion of LAMP1-positive endosomes upon cytochalasin D treatment (Figure 10C, middle and bottom).
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). LAMP2-positive membrane fractions were pelleted from the postnuclear supernatants of cell lysates and analyzed for the amount of LAMP2, which is highly enriched in late endosomes/lysosomes (Escola et al., 1998), and actin. To exclude the pelleting of microtubule-associated membranes, lysates were treated with nocodazole. As reported previously (Holtta-Vuori et al., 2005), addition of cytochalasin D that served as an internal control of the assay caused a significantly reduced recovery of LAMP2 in the pellet (data not shown). Significantly less actin-associated LAMP2 was also recovered from annexin A8-depleted cells compared with mock-transfected cells (Figure 11, A and B), indicating that annexin A8 as an F-actin and membrane-binding protein might function in regulating the association of late endosomes with actin filaments.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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; Piper and Katzmann, 2007). These processes are particularly relevant in the endocytic down-regulation of ligand-activated receptors to decrease the levels of signaling receptors and thereby ensure proper termination of signal transduction. Inappropriate persistence of stimulation of such receptors is implicated in the development of diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. Here, we identified the F-actin and phospholipid binding protein annexin A8 as specifically associated with endosomal vesicles that contain specific markers for multivesicular late endosomes (Gruenberg and Stenmark, 2004). In addition, electron microscopy of the annexin A8-positive organelles revealed the pleiomorphic structure of multivesicular, tubular, and cisternal regions seen in late endosomes, comprising internal vesicles and membrane sheets of different densities. Altering intracellular annexin A8 levels altered the localization of the LAMP-positive vesicles as well as late endosomal diameter, suggesting that annexin A8 contributes to the correct positioning and morphological appearance of the late endosomal compartment.
Annexin A8 belongs to the annexin protein family of Ca2+-binding proteins. Their highly conserved so-called "core" module bears the unique Ca2+-binding sites that mediate a Ca2+-dependent, reversible binding to cellular membranes (Gerke et al., 2005). Some annexins also interact with F-actin filaments and certain phosphatidylinositides such as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] (Hayes et al., 2004; Rescher and Gerke, 2004). Due to their properties, they might form membrane scaffolds that organize and/or stabilize certain membrane domains and in some cases link them to the underlying actin cytoskeleton (for review, see Hayes et al., 2004). Recent studies demonstrated that annexin A2 and annexin A1 function in the endocytic pathway (Mayran et al., 2003; Zobiack et al., 2003; White et al., 2006), although their precise mechanism of action is not known. Our finding that annexin A8 is involved in the late endosomal-associated actin dynamics provides a mechanistic explanation of the observed annexin A8 effects.
Interestingly, altering annexin A8 levels did not cause obvious changes in early endocytic events such as EGF uptake. However, trafficking along the degradative pathway was slowed down in annexin A8-depleted cells and this correlated with defective degradation of both the EGFR and its cognate ligand. The observation that EGFR degradation was delayed in annexin A8-depleted cells for 60 min but then seemed to proceed at a rate comparable with control cells suggests that a transport step rather than receptor degradation per se was affected.
The EGF/EGFR system is a well-studied model system for the coupling of ligand-induced endocytic down-regulation to the signaling potential. In contrast to other members of the ErbB family, EGFR signaling occurs from within the endosomes. Thus, trafficking of the receptor-ligand complex through the different compartments not only regulates the levels of activated signaling receptor but also ensures proper temporal and spatial control of EGF-mediated signaling to various downstream effectors (Jorissen et al., 2003; Wiley, 2003). Accordingly, changes in the EGFR degradation kinetics, as has been achieved through manipulating mediators of vesicular trafficking, such as dynein and Rab7 (Taub et al., 2007), or by expression of EGFR mutants, were shown to result in prolonged and sustained MAP kinase signaling. Consistently, we observed that the delayed transport and degradation of activated EGFR in annexin A8-depleted cells correlated with prolonged EGF-induced ERK activation. Interestingly, annexin A8 overexpression did not cause detectable changes in the kinetics of EGF degradation and EGFR down-regulation, although the morphology of the late endosomes was severely altered in these cells. It is likely that the increase in diameter observed in annexin A8 overexpressing cells is caused by homotypic fusion of late endosomes. This could occur following annexin A8-mediated clustering of these organelles resulting in increased proximity and fusion probability without affecting EGFR degradation within the fused organelles.
The characteristic perinuclear steady-state localization of late endosomes and lysosomes is thought to depend both on microtubules as well as actin filaments (Matteoni and Kreis, 1987; Cordonnier et al., 2001; Taunton, 2001). Whereas several components of the microtubule-dependent movement of late endosomes have been identified, such as the GTPase Rab7, the effector RILP that attaches late endosomes to the dynein/dynactin complex of motor proteins (Jordens et al., 2001; Progida et al., 2007), or kinesins (Hoepfner et al., 2005), actin-dependent late endosomal transport is less well understood. Pharmacological disruption of the actin cytoskeleton impairs receptor degradation in several cellular models (van Deurs et al., 1995; Durrbach et al., 1996) and relocalizes late endosomes to the cell periphery. Perinuclear aggregation and both fusion of late endosomes with each other or with lysosomes, critically depend on actin (van Deurs et al., 1995; Jahraus et al., 2001; Kjeken et al., 2004). Likewise, homotypic vacuole fusion in yeast that is analogous to mammalian late endosomal/lysosomal fusion requires actin (Eitzen et al., 2002). Further emphasizing a link to the actin cytoskeleton, late endosomes/lysosomes can nucleate F-actin on their membranes (Taunton et al., 2000; Jahraus et al., 2001; Kjeken et al., 2004), thereby presumably assembling actin filaments to facilitate fusion with neighboring organelles. Based on our results, we propose that annexin A8 present on the limiting membrane of late endosomes might link late endosomes to the actin cytoskeleton through either direct interaction or through the organization of specific membrane/actin attachment sites. Disruption of this action, for example by annexin A8 depletion, interferes with the proper localization of late endosomes and, as a consequence, impairs cargo transport through the endocytic pathway resulting in imbalanced signaling patterns.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Footnotes |
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These authors contributed equally to this work. 
Present addresses: 
Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada;
|| Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Electron Microscopy Unit, 48149 Muenster, Germany
Address correspondence to: Ursula Rescher (rescher{at}uni-muenster.de)
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