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Vol. 20, Issue 20, 4381-4389, October 15, 2009
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*Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX 77381; and Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
Submitted May 14, 2009;
Revised July 28, 2009;
Accepted August 17, 2009
Monitoring Editor: Sean Munro
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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-N-acetylglucosaminidase ("uncovering enzyme" or UCE). Mutations in the two genes that encode GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase give rise to lysosomal storage diseases (mucolipidosis type II and III), whereas no pathological conditions have been associated with the loss of UCE activity. To analyze the consequences of UCE deficiency, the UCE gene was inactivated via insertional mutagenesis in mice. The UCE –/– mice were viable, grew normally and lacked detectable histologic abnormalities. However, the plasma levels of six acid hydrolases were elevated 1.6- to 5.4-fold over wild-type levels. These values underestimate the degree of hydrolase hypersecretion as these enzymes were rapidly cleared from the plasma by the mannose receptor. The secreted hydrolases contained GlcNAc-P-Man diesters, exhibited a decreased affinity for the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and failed to bind to the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. These data demonstrate that UCE accounts for all the uncovering activity in the Golgi. We propose that in the absence of UCE, the weak binding of the acid hydrolases to the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor allows sufficient sorting to lysosomes to prevent the tissue abnormalities seen with GlcNAc-1-phosphotranferase deficiency. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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; Braulke and Bonifacino, 2009). The generation of the Man-6-P recognition signal is a two step process. First, uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc):lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase) transfers GlcNAc-P to selected mannose residues of the N-linked high mannose glycans on the acid hydrolases. Then, N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester -N-acetylglucosaminidase ("uncovering enzyme" or UCE or "Nagpa") excises the GlcNAc to form the Man-6-P monoester. UCE is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein of 515 amino acids that localizes to the TGN but cycles to the plasma membrane (Varki and Kornfeld, 1981; Kornfeld et al., 1999; Rohrer and Kornfeld, 2001, Lee et al., 2002b). It is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is activated upon proteolytic cleavage by the TGN-localized endoprotease furin (Do et al., 2002).
Mutations in the two genes that encode the subunits (/β and 
) of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase give rise to autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders (I-cell disease/mucolipidosis [ML]-II and PseudoHurler polydystrophy/ML-III) characterized by hypersecretion of lysosomal hydrolases, skeletal abnormalities, and psychomotor retardation (for review, see Kornfeld and Sly, 2000; Cathey et al., 2009). To date, there have been no reports of pathological mutations in the gene that encodes UCE. There are several potential explanations for this. There could be an alternative mechanism for conversion of the Man-6-P diesters to monoesters. Furthermore, inactivating mutations in the UCE gene might be very rare events. Finally, it was recently reported that repeat domain 5 (of a total of 15 repeating domains) of the cation- independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) is able to bind GlcNAc-P-Man diesters, although this binding was of much lower affinity than the binding of Man-6-P monoesters to domains 1–3 and 9 of the receptor (Chavez et al., 2007; for review, see Dahms et al., 2008). This raises the possibility that, in the absence of UCE activity, acid hydrolases bearing Man-6-P diesters might be able to bind sufficiently to the CI-MPR to allow enough trafficking to lysosomes to prevent the clinical manifestations seen with GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase deficiency. However, these studies were performed in vitro; thus, it is not clear whether this low-affinity binding to the receptor would prevent hypersecretion of acid hydrolases by cells lacking UCE activity.
Mice with a disruption of the gene encoding the /β subunits of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase have very high serum levels of acid hydrolases that lack Man-6-P monoesters (Gelfman et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2007). These mice exhibit growth retardation, severe retinal degeneration, and striking vacuolization of the secretory cells of several exocrine glands (Gelfman et al., 2007; Vogel et al., 2009). To analyze the consequences of the loss of UCE activity, we used insertional mutagenesis to inactivate the single gene encoding UCE in mice. Our results indicate that UCE accounts for essentially all the conversion of GlcNAc-P-Man diester to monoester on newly synthesized acid hydrolases. Loss of UCE activity induces hypersecretion of acid hydrolases but, in contrast to the loss of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase, there are no detectable growth or tissue abnormalities in these mice.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). Cation-dependent (CD)-MPR (soluble, glycosylation-deficient form) was expressed in Pichia pastoris as a secreted protein, purified by pentamannosyl phosphate agarose affinity chromatography and coupled at 0.7 mg/ml to Affigel-10 matrix, as described previously (Reddy et al., 2003). Cellgro -minimal essential media (-MEM) and penicillin/streptomycin were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). G418 sulfate was obtained from Calbiochem (EM Scientific, Gibbstown, NJ), and fetal calf serum (FCS) was from ISC BioExpress (Kaysville, UT).
Generation of Mutant Nagpa (UCE) Mice
The gene that encodes UCE in mice (Nagpa) was disrupted by insertional mutagenesis (Figure 1). The targeting vector was generated by insertion of two Nagpa-homology domains (5' and 3' arms) upstream and downstream of a β-galactosidase-Neomycin (B-Geo) cassette, respectively. The homology arms were derived using long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 129/SvEvBrd embryonic stem (ES) cell (Lex-1) DNA as a template. The 3639 base pairs 5' arm was generated using primers Nagpa-2 [5'-TAGCGGCCGCGACGCGATGGAACCATAGTCAC-3'] and Nagpa-1 [5'-ATGGCGCGCCATCTCCCATAGGTTAAGGCTGTGC-3'] and cloned using the TOPO (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) cloning kit. The 4564-base pair 3' arm was generated using primers Nagpa-6 [5'-ATGGCGCGCCGCAGCTGGTATGACGCCTTC-3'] and Nagpa-7 [5'-CTAAGCTTCAGAAAGGGCGCTCTCAGAGTAAC-3'] and cloned using the TOPO cloning kit. The 5' arm was excised from the holding plasmid by using NotI and AscI. The 3' arm was excised from the holding plasmid by using AscI and HindIII. The arms were ligated via AscI to a cassette containing a β-galactosidase-Neomycin fusion marker (B-Geo) along with a PGK promoter-driven puromycin resistance marker. The construct (5'-arm-B-Geo-3'-arm) was then inserted into a NotI/HindIII cut pKO Scrambler vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) to complete the Nagpa targeting vector, which display a deletion of coding exons 5–7 (Figure 1). The NotI-linearized targeting vector was electroporated into 129/SvEvBrd (Lex-1) ES cells. G418/FIAU-resistant ES cell clones were isolated, and their DNA was analyzed by Southern blot (see Results) by using a 289-base pair 5' external probe (8/9) (Figure 1), generated by PCR using primers Nagpa-8 [5'-TGGAATTCGAATGCGTAATCAA-3'] and Nagpa-9 [5'-GTCATCGTCGCGGGAAA-3'], and a 236-base pair 3' external probe (10/11) (Figure 1), amplified by PCR using primers Nagpa-10 [5'-ACTCAGGCAATGACTCGCTGTG-3'] and Nagpa-11 [5'-CCCGCTCCTCTCATAGACGCTA-3']. Two targeted ES cell clones (1B10 and 1G7) were identified and microinjected into C57BL/6 (albino) blastocysts to generate chimeric animals that were bred to C57BL/6 (albino) females, and the resulting heterozygous offspring were interbred to produce homozygous Nagpa-deficient mice.
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; Zambrowicz et al., 2003). Screening assays included behavioral tests (such as circadian rhythm, open field, inverted screen, prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, tail suspension, marble burying, and context trace conditioning), funduscopy and retinal angiography exams, blood pressure and heart rate measurements, serum chemistries, insulin levels, glucose tolerance testing, hematology, peripheral blood fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, urinalysis, quantitative magnetic resonance, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, computerized axial tomography scans, microcomputed tomography scans, fertility testing, skin fibroblast proliferation assays, and pathology.
Histopathology
Immediately after euthanasia, knockout mice and age-matched normal control mice were fixed by cardiac perfusion with 10% neutral buffered Formalin. Tissues were collected and immersed in 10% neutral buffered Formalin for an additional 48 h except for the eyes, which were removed and fixed by immersion in Davidson's fixative (Poly-Scientific Research, Bay Shore, NY) overnight at room temperature. All tissues were embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 4 µm, and mounted on positively charged glass slides (Superfrost Plus; Thermo Fisher Scientific). Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathologic examination.
Enzyme Assays
Lysosomal hydrolase activities were determined by fluorometric enzyme assays as described previously (Gelfman et al., 2007). In brief, plasma samples were incubated with 5 mM 4-methylumbelliferyl-coupled specific substrates (or 1 mM for tissue samples) in a 50 mM citrate buffer containing 0.5% Triton X-100, pH 4.5, at 37°C. Reactions were stopped by addition of 0.1 M glycine-NaOH solution, pH 10.3, and the fluorescence read at 495 nm. For plasma levels, activities were expressed as nanomoles of hydrolyzed methylumbelliferone per hour per milliliter of plasma.
Percoll Density Gradients
Wild-type and UCE –/– mice that were 2–3 mo of age were anesthetized and then perfused with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to remove blood from their organs. The brains and livers of these mice were removed and homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose by using a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer and centrifuged at 1000 x g for 10 min at 4°C. The pellet was resuspended in 2 ml of sucrose solution and centrifuged at 1000 x g for 10 min. The supernatants of these two steps were pooled (postnuclear fraction) and centrifuged at 35,000 rpm in a 50Ti rotor (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) for 40 min at 4°C. The resulting pellet (membrane fraction) was resuspended in 1 ml of sucrose solution. Then, 500 µl of this fraction was loaded on top of an 18% Percoll solution (18%, vol/vol Percoll [Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden], 0.25 M sucrose, 2 mM EDTA and 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) and centrifuged at 25,000 rpm in an SW55Ti rotor (Beckman Coulter) for 40 min at 4°C. Seven fractions were collected from the top of the gradient. The distribution of four different lysosomal hydrolases was determined by enzyme assays as described above.
Plasma Lysosomal Hydrolases Clearance Assay
Plasma samples were collected before and 4 h after injection of 200 mg/kg human serum albumin-mannose into the tail vein of 
3-mo-old wild-type (WT), UCE –/– or GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase (GNPTAB) –/– mice. Plasma lysosomal hydrolases activities were then determined as described above.
Cathepsin D Sorting Assay
Mouse skin fibroblasts were isolated from wild-type and UCE –/– mouse ears and maintained in -MEM medium containing 20% FCS, 100 µg/ml penicillin, and 100 U/ml streptomycin. Confluent cells (36-mm wells) were incubated with 1 ml of methionine/cysteine-free -MEM medium containing 600 µCi of TRAN 35S-LABEL methionine/cysteine (MP Biomedicals, Ivrine, CA) and 10% dialyzed FCS for 1.5 h. Then, a 4-h chase period was initiated by replacing the labeling medium with 1 ml of -MEM containing 10% FCS and either 5 mM Man-6-P or 5 mM Man-6-P and 660 µg/ml human serum albumin (HSA)-mannose (10 µM) to prevent internalization of secreted cathepsin D. Chase media were collected and cells were lysed in immunoprecipitation (IP) buffer (0.1 M Tris HCl, pH 8, 0.15 M NaCl, and 1% triton [TX]-100) containing proteases inhibitors. After centrifugation for 10 min at 14,000 rpm to remove the cell debris, the cell lysates and media were incubated overnight with 60 µl of protein A-Sepharose beads that had been preincubated with 2 µl of polyclonal rabbit anti-cathepsin D antibody for 4 h at 4°C. The next day, the beads were washed once with cold IP buffer and then three times with buffer containing 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 M NaCl, 1 TX-100, and 2 mM EDTA, followed by one more time with IP buffer. Immunoprecipitated cathepsin D was released from the beads by boiling 5 min at 100°C in Laemmli's sample buffer without reducing agent. Samples were resolved on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), which was fixed in 30% methanol:10% acetic acid for 20 min and incubated with an amplification solution (Amplify; GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) for 10 min before drying and exposure on a photographic film (ISC BioExpress). Bands were then excised from gel and incubated in formic acid:H2O2 (20%:32%, vol/vol) for 2 d at 55°C. Radioactivity was measured with a counter (Beckman Coulter LS 6000IC, Fullerton, CA).
Synthesis of N-Acetylglucosaminyl 6-phosphomethylmannose
-Methylmannoside (100 mM) was incubated for 48 h at 37°C with 500 ng of purified GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase, 19 mM unlabeled UDP-GlcNAc, and 25,000 counts of [3H]UDP-GlcNAc in a final volume of 500 µl. Assay buffer was composed of 0.1 M Tris, pH 7.5, 0.1 M MgCl2, 0.1 M MnCl2, and 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA). The reaction was stopped by boiling 5 min at 100°C. The sample was centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 x g, and the supernatant was loaded onto a 25-ml QAE-Sephadex column (2.5 x 5.0 cm) equilibrated with 2 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. The column was washed with 50 ml of equilibration buffer and then eluted with 140 ml of 30 mM NaCl and 2 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, followed by 30 ml of 2 M NaCl and 2 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. Fractions (3.5 ml) collected with the first elution buffer that contained tritium were pooled and lyophilized, and the GlcNAc-P--methylmannose product was solubilized with water and passed over a P-2 column to remove salt (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA).
CD- and CI-MPR Affinity Chromatography
Plasma samples (50–100 µl) were diluted 10-fold in CI-MPR column buffer (50 mM imidazole, pH 6.5, 0.15 mM NaCl, and 0.05% TX-100) or CD-MPR column buffer (same as CI-MPR buffer + 5 mM β-glycerophosphate and 10 mM MnCl2) and loaded on a CI-MPR affinity column (0.5 mg CI-MPR/ml Affigel-10) or CD-MPR affinity column (0.7 mg CD-MPR/ml Affigel-10) prepared as described previously (Varki and Kornfeld, 1983; Reddy et al., 2003). Columns were washed with 7 ml of column buffer and then with 7 ml of column buffer containing 5 mM Glc-6-P, and finally with 5 ml of column buffer containing 10 mM Man-6-P. One-milliliter fractions were collected and assayed for lysosomal enzyme activity as described above. The percentage of total hydrolase activity eluted with Man-6-P–containing buffer (receptor bound fraction) was calculated. When noted, samples were pretreated with endoglycosidase H (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA), Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (Sigma-Aldrich), and/or recombinant uncovering enzyme as follows: plasma samples were incubated with 3000 U of endoglycosidase H for 2 h 30 min at 37°C under nonreducing conditions, with 15 U of alkaline phosphatase in alkaline phosphatase buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5 mM MgCl2, and 0.5 mM ZnCl2) for 18 h at 37°C and with 18 µg of uncovering enzyme for 2 h at 37°C, respectively.
Purification of Lysosomal Hydrolases from Mouse Plasma and Endocytosis Assay
Wild-type and UCE –/– acid hydrolases were purified from 4 mL plasma over a CI-MPR affinity column as described above. The Man-6-P–eluted fraction was extensively dialyzed against PBS and labeled with 0.5 mCi of 125I (MP Biomedicals) in iodination tubes (Pierce Chemical, Rockford, IL) following the manufacturer's instructions. The free iodine was removed using a PD-10 desalting column (GE Healthcare), and iodinated hydrolases were purified again over the CI-MPR affinity column. After dialysis against PBS, the mix of acid hydrolases (200,000 cpm diluted in PBS/1% BSA) was incubated for 2 h at 37°C with mouse L cells either lacking the CI-MPR (clone D9) or stably transfected with full-length bovine CI-MPR (clone Cc2) (Lobel et al., 1989). Cells were then rinsed and incubated for 30 s with 0.5 M NaCl and 0.2 M acetic acid, pH 3.5, to release the hydrolases bound to the cell surface. Finally, cells were lysed in 0.1 M NaOH, and the radioactivity that has been internalized was counted with a counter (Beckman Coulter LS 6000IC). Where indicated, 125I-hydrolases purified from the UCE –/– plasma were pretreated for 2 h at 37°C with 72 µg of uncovering enzyme before incubation with the cells.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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260-base pair fragment in wild-type but not in UCE –/–, whereas the second set of primers only amplified a band of 400 base pairs from the UCE –/– cDNA containing the genetrap cassette (Figure 2).
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Plasma Levels of Acid Hydrolases Are Elevated in UCE –/– Mice
Mice-deficient in GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase activity exhibit 7- to 14-fold elevations in their plasma levels of acid hydrolases, as would be expected when the ability to synthe size the Man-6-P recognition marker is lost (Gelfman et al., 2007, Lee et al., 2007) (Table 1). To assess whether the loss of UCE gives rise to a similar phenotype, the activity of seven acid hydrolases was measured in the plasma of UCE –/– mice (Table 1). These assays revealed a 1.6- to 5.4-fold increase in the plasma level of these enzymes compared with wild-type mice except for β-glucocerebrosidase, which is known to traffic to lysosomes in a Man-6-P–independent manner (Reczek et al., 2007).
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). In this regard, the N-linked glycans of the acid hydrolases secreted by cells deficient in UCE activity would be expected to be mainly of the high-mannose type (putative mannose receptor ligands), whereas the N-linked glycans on the acid hydrolases synthesized by GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase null cells are known to be of the complex-type1 that are not recognized by this receptor (Maynard and Baenziger, 1981). Consequently, the lower level of acid hydrolases in the blood of UCE –/– mice compared with the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase –/– mice could be the result, at least in part, of a greater rate of clearance by the mannose receptor. To investigate this possibility, the mannose receptor was blocked by injection of HSA-mannose into the tail vein of the various mouse types and the effect on the plasma level of several acid hydrolases was determined 4 h later. As shown in Figure 3A, this treatment resulted in a doubling of the level of β-galactosidase and β-hexosaminidase in wild-type mice with no effect on the level of β-mannosidase. By contrast, the blockade of the mannose receptor caused a sixfold increase in the level of β-galactosidase, a fourfold increase in β-hexosaminidase, and a twofold increase in β-mannosidase activity in the plasma of UCE –/– mice. As predicted, the HSA-mannose injection had little or no effect on the plasma levels of the hydrolases in GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase (GNPTAB) –/– mice. These results indicate that the acid hydrolases secreted by cells of the UCE –/– mice are cleared from the plasma by mannose receptors more rapidly than the hydrolases secreted by the cells of wild-type mice or GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase –/– mice. Therefore, the measurements of the steady-state levels of the acid hydrolases underestimate the rate of secretion by UCE –/– cells relative to that of the other types of mice. When this factor is taken into account, the hypersecretion of some acid hydrolases by UCE –/– cells approaches that observed with GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase negative cells, especially for β-hexosaminidase (Figure 3B).
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). Similar results were obtained when HSA-mannose was added to the chase media (14 ± 3% of cathepsin D secreted from WT cells and 24 ± 3% from UCE –/– cells) (Figure 4B), suggesting that reinternalization of the secreted UCE –/– acid hydrolases by the mannose receptor was negligible.
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, Sun et al., 2008). The ratio of the acid hydrolases that are directly secreted via the Golgi (with intact oligosaccharide chains) compared with the acid hydrolases that are released after traffic through the lysosome may differ between the wild-type and UCE –/– hydrolases. Consequently, the binding percentages of the wild-type and UCE –/– acid hydrolases to the CI-MPR affinity column cannot be used to compare their relative affinity for the receptor in vivo.
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-N-acetylglucosaminidase). Treatment of the acid hydrolases in wild-type mouse plasma with UCE did not enhance binding to the CI-MPR affinity column, demonstrating that these enzymes lack GlcNAc-P-Man diesters.
In a second approach, the plasma samples were loaded onto the affinity column in the presence of either 200 µM Man-6-P or 10 mM GlcNAc-P--methylmannose (Table 3B). Binding of the acid hydrolases from wild-type mouse plasma was strongly inhibited by the Man-6-P (50–10% for β-mannosidase, 49–12% for β-glucuronidase, and 12–0% for β-hexosaminidase), whereas the GlcNAc-P--methylmannose had no effect, consistent with these hydrolases bearing Man-6-P monoesters exclusively. By contrast, the binding of the β-mannosidase and β-glucuronidase from UCE –/– mouse plasma was not affected by 200 µM Man-6-P but was inhibited by the GlcNAc-P--methylmannose (9–1% for the β-mannosidase and 79–50% for the β-glucuronidase), indicative of the presence of Man-6-P diesters on these hydrolases. Binding of the β-hexosaminidase from the UCE –/– mouse plasma to the affinity column was partially inhibited by both Man-6-P and GlcNAc-P--methylmannose, consistent with it containing both Man-6-P monoesters and diesters. Note that 1 mM Man-6-P inhibited binding of both wild-type and UCE –/– hydrolases, although UCE –/– β-glucuronidase binding remained higher (65%) than when inhibited by GlcNAc-P--methylmannose (50%). A combination of both Man-6-P (200 µM) and GlcNAc-P--methylmannose (10 mM) decreased the binding of this enzyme to 28%.
Taken together, these data strongly indicate that the acid hydrolases of wild-type mice contain Man-6-P monoesters, whereas the hydrolases of the UCE –/– mice contain GlcNAc-P-Man diesters and have a decreased affinity for the CI-MPR compared with monoesters-containing enzymes (i.e., the enhanced binding measured after UCE treatment).
Acid Hydrolases in UCE –/– Mouse Plasma Fail to Bind to CD-MPR In Vitro
In a study of the ligand-binding properties of the CI-MPR and the CD-MPR, it was found that the CI-MPR binds GlcNAc-P--methylmannose with low affinity (Kd of 1 x 10–4 vs. 7 x 10–6 for Man-6-P), whereas binding of this diester to the CD-MPR was below detectable level (Kd > 4 x 10–3) (Tong and Kornfeld, 1989). More recently, surface plasmon resonance studies demonstrated that the CD-MPR has little affinity for acid -glucosidase when it only exposes GlcNAc-P-Man diesters (Chavez et al., 2007). To determine whether UCE –/– mouse plasma acid hydrolases that bear phosphodiesters are able to bind to the CD-MPR, plasma samples from wild-type and UCE –/– mice were passed over a CD-MPR affinity column and the binding of three acid hydrolases was measured. Although 6% of the β-mannosidase, 13% of the β-glucuronidase, and 6% of the β-hexosaminidase from wild-type plasma bound specifically to the affinity column, <2% of these hydrolases from UCE –/– mouse plasma bound (Table 4). This is consistent with the CD-MPR not being able to bind Man-6-P diesters.
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-N-acetylglucosaminidase that cleaves the GlcNAc and thereby converts the diesters to monoesters. In tissues others than the brain, the Man-6-P residues are then hydrolyzed by a phosphatase to give rise to neutral species (Sun et al., 2008). Therefore, plasma is the best source for "native" enzymes. Although the relative levels of the various acid hydrolases differed between the plasmas of the WT and UCE –/– animals (Table 1) along with their efficiency of binding to the CI-MPR affinity column, the purified hydrolases represented the molecules with the highest affinity for the CI-MPR and therefore had the highest likelihood of being internalized by the CI-MPR–expressing cells. Our results show that the CI-MPR–expressing L cells internalized the acid hydrolases of wild-type plasma at 3 times the rate of the receptor-deficient cells. The acid hydrolases of the UCE –/– plasma were internalized about equally by both types of L cells. Pretreatment of the UCE –/– sample with purified UCE resulted in increased internalization by the CI-MPR–expressing L cells. As with our in vitro binding studies, this result shows that conversion of phosphomannose diesters to monoesters significantly increases the affinity of UCE –/– hydrolases for the CI-MPR. It should be noted that in this experiment the amount of wild-type hydrolases internalized by the CI-MPR–expressing cells was quite low (<0.5% of total). Consequently, this assay may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect GlcNAc-P-Man–dependent internalization of the UCE –/– hydrolases, as uptake of theses enzymes would be expected to be less efficient compared with hydrolases with Man-6-P monoesters. Because cathepsin D was sorted to lysosomes with good efficiency in the UCE –/– fibroblasts (Figure 4), hydrolases containing Man-6-P diesters must be able to bind to the CI-MPR under the conditions of the TGN environment.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Varki and Kornfeld, 1980), followed by the release of the lysosomal content into the circulation. Whether the phosphodiesters on β-mannosidase and β-glucuronidase are less sensitive to the action of the lysosomal -N-acetylglucosaminidase or whether a smaller proportion of these enzymes originates from the lysosomal compartment is unknown.
The failure of the UCE –/– cells to convert the Man-6-P diesters to monoesters resulted in the hypersecretion of the acid hydrolases into the plasma, although the steady-state levels of these enzymes in the plasma did not reach the levels observed in mice that lack GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase and therefore are completely unable to synthesize Man-6-P on their acid hydrolases. There are several reasons for this difference. First, the hydrolases in the plasma of the UCE –/– mice are rapidly cleared by the mannose receptor, whereas the hydrolases of the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase null mice fail to bind to this receptor. When this difference in clearance rate is taken into account, the degree of hypersecretion of some acid hydrolases by UCE –/– cells approaches that of the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase null cells. Second, the acid hydrolases synthesized by the UCE –/– cells bind to the CI-MPR, albeit with a lower affinity compared with Man-6-P monoesters, whereas the hydrolases of the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase null mice fail to interact with this receptor. We postulate that the weak binding of the acid hydrolases of the UCE –/– mice to the CI-MPR diverts some of the newly synthesized acid hydrolases from the secretory pathway to the endosome/lysosome targeting pathway. This is illustrated by the UCE –/– skin fibroblasts that target cathepsin D to lysosomes much more efficiently than occurs in GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase null fibroblasts. However, it should be pointed out that the acid hydrolases of the UCE –/– mice do not bind to the CD-MPR. It has been reported that although most cell types express both the CI-MPR and the CD-MPR, some cell types such as Kupffer cells, selectively express the CD-MPR (Waguri et al., 2001). Such cell types are candidates for hypersecretion of acid hydrolases in the UCE –/– mice plasma.
The basis for the weak binding of the acid hydrolases carrying GlcNAc-P-Man diesters to the CI-MPR has been identified by recent studies of this receptor. The CI-MPR contains 15 repeating domains in its extracytoplasmic region and it has been established that domains 3 and 9 bind Man-6-P monoesters with high affinity (for review, see Dahms et al., 2008). A low-affinity binding site for Man-6-P was also identified within domain 5 (Reddy et al., 2004). Recently, it was reported that domain 5 has a preference for GlcNAc-P-Man diesters over Man-6-P monoesters, although the binding of this ligand is also of low affinity compared with the binding of Man-6-P to domain 9 (Chavez et al., 2007). This was shown using -acid glucosidase containing N-linked oligosaccharides with either GlcNAc-P-Man diesters or Man-6-P monoesters. In this assay, the binding of -acid glucosidase containing Man-6-P diesters to domain 5 was inhibited by GlcNAc-P--methylmannose (Ki = 1 mM), whereas the Ki for Man-6-P was 14 mM. These findings indicate that the interaction of the acid hydrolases of the UCE –/– mice with the CI-MPR is likely mediated via binding to domain 5 of the receptor. Nevertheless, a minor contribution of another binding domain to the overall binding avidity of the hydrolases to the CI-MPR cannot be ruled out. The hydrolases that were analyzed in our study have two or more N-linked glycans, each of which can contain one or two GlcNAc-P-Man residues. For example, mouse β-glucuronidase is a tetramer with three N-linked glycans per monomer, most of which are phosphorylated (Shipley et al., 1993), which could explain why this hydrolase binds so efficiently to the CI-MPR affinity column. Interestingly, the binding of the β-glucuronidase in the UCE –/– plasma to the CI-MPR was more inhibited by a mixture of Man-6-P and GlcNAc-P--methylmannose than by GlcNAc-P--methylmannose alone. This observation supports the possibility that a weak binding of some N-glycans to domains 3 and/or 9 of the CI-MPR may strengthen/stabilize the interaction of the UCE –/– enzymes with the CI-MPR, although the involvement of domain 9 seems highly unlikely because it does not bind the diester-enriched form of -acid glucosidase (Chavez et al., 2007).
Although the UCE –/– mice exhibit significant missorting of their newly synthesized acid hydrolases, this defect was not accompanied by the development of any of the tissue abnormalities seen in the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase null mice (Gelfman et al., 2007; Vogel et al., 2009). These mice are small, develop severe retinal degeneration and have striking inclusions in the secretory cells of the exocrine glands that are readily detectable at the light microscope level (Gelfman et al., 2007; Vogel et al., 2009). The most likely explanation for this difference is that the weak binding of the newly synthesized acid hydrolases to the CI-MPR in UCE –/– cells leads to the targeting of sufficient amounts of acid hydrolases to lysosomes in critical cell types to prevent pathological changes. These findings indicate that it is unlikely that UCE deficiency in humans would result in a phenotype as deleterious as occurs in patients with mucolipidosis type II and III.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Footnotes |
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This was published online ahead of print in MBC in Press (http://www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1091/mbc.E09-05-0398) on August 26, 2009.
Address correspondence to: Stuart Kornfeld (skornfel{at}im.wustl.edu).
Abbreviations used: CD-MPR, cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor; CI-MPR, cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase, UDP-GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme, N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase; GNPTAB, GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase /βsubunits; HSA-mannose, human serum albumin-mannose; Man, mannose; ML, mucolipidosis; Nagpa, GlcNAc-1-phosphodiester alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase; P, phosphate; TGN, trans-Golgi network; UCE, uncovering enzyme
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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