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Vol. 17, Issue 1, 25-31, January 2006

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G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Negatively Regulates Chemokine Signaling at a Level Downstream from G Protein Subunits

M. Carmen Jiménez-Sainz ^* , Cristina Murga ^* , Annemieke Kavelaars , María Jurado-Pueyo ^*, Beate F. Krakstad , Cobi J. Heijnen , Federico Mayor, Jr. ^*, and Anna M. Aragay 

^* Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, University Medical Center, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway

Submitted May 6, 2005; Revised September 13, 2005; Accepted October 4, 2005
Monitoring Editor: J. Silvio Gutkind

The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) phosphorylates and desensitizes ligand-activated G protein-coupled-receptors. Here, evidence is shown for a novel role of GRK2 in regulating chemokine-mediated signals. The presence of increased levels of GRK2 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells produced a significant reduction of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) response to CCL2. This effect is independent of its role in receptor phosphorylation because the kinase-deficient mutant GRK2K220R was able to reduce this response, and ERK activation by CCR2BIX, a phosphorylation-defective receptor mutant, was also inhibited by GRK2. Constructs containing the G_q-binding RGS-like RH domain of GRK2 or its G-binding domain could not reproduce the inhibition, thus revealing that GRK2 acts downstream of G proteins. Interestingly, chemokine-driven mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) stimulation is not affected in cells overexpressing GRK2 or GRK2K220R or in splenocytes from heterozygous GRK2 mice, where reduced kinase levels correlate with enhanced ERK activation by chemokines. We find GRK2 and MEK in the same multimolecular complex, thus suggesting a mechanism for GRK2 regulation of ERK activity that involves a direct or coordinate interaction with MEK. These results suggest an important role for GRK2 in the control of chemokine induction of ERK activation at the level of the MEK–ERK interface.

Abbreviations used: ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase.

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Address correspondence to: Federico Mayor, Jr. (fmayor{at}cbm.uam.es).

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