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A more recent version of this article appeared on February 1, 2004
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Submitted on July 31, 2003
Revised on September 13, 2003
Accepted on October 16, 2003
1 Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
2 Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205; Integrated Imaging Center, Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
3 Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: michaelis{at}jhmi.edu.
The folding of nascent secretory and membrane proteins is monitored by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control system. Misfolded proteins are retained in the ER and can be removed by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). As a model for the ER quality control of multispanning membrane proteins in yeast, we have been studying mutant forms of Ste6p. Here we identify mislocalized mutant forms of Ste6p that induce the formation of, and localize to, prominent 
tructures that are absent in normal cells. We have named these structures ER-associated compartments (ERACs), based on their juxtaposition to and connection with the ER, as observed by fluorescence and electron microscopy. ERACs comprise a network of tubulo-vesicular structures that appear to represent proliferated ER membranes. Resident ER lumenal and membrane proteins are present in ERACs in addition to their normal ER localization, suggesting there is no barrier for their entry into ERACs. However, the forms of Ste6p in ERACs are excluded from the ER and do not enter the secretory pathway; instead, they are ultimately targeted for ERAD. The presence of ERACs does not adversely affect secretory protein traffic through the ER and does not lead to induction of the unfolded protein response. We propose that ERACs may be holding sites to which misfolded proteins are specifically diverted so as not to interfere with normal cellular functions. We discuss the likelihood that related ER membrane proliferations that form in response to certain other mutant or unassembled membrane proteins may be substantially similar to ERACs.
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