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A more recent version of this article appeared on May 1, 2004 Originally published as MBC in Press, 10.1091/mbc.E03-11-0799 on March 19, 2004
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Submitted on November 10, 2003
Revised on February 3, 2004
Accepted on February 5, 2004
1 Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7730
2 Departments of Genetic, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755
3 Departments of Genetic, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
4 Departments of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
5 Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
6 Departments of Genetic, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: botstein{at}princeton.edu.
We used cDNA microarrays in a systematic study of the gene expression responses of HeLa cells and primary human lung fibroblasts to heat shock, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and crowding. Hierarchical clustering of the data revealed groups of genes with coherent biological themes, including genes that responded to specific stresses and others that responded to multiple types of stress. Fewer genes increased in expression after multiple stresses than in free-living yeasts, which have a large general stress response program. Most of the genes induced by multiple diverse stresses are involved in cell-cell communication and other processes specific to higher organisms. We found substantial differences between the stress responses of HeLa cells and primary fibroblasts. For example, many genes were induced by oxidative stress and DTT in fibroblasts but not HeLa cells; conversely, a group of transcription factors, including c-fos and c-jun, were induced by heat shock in HeLa cells but not in fibroblasts. The dataset is freely available for search and download at http://microarray-pubs.stanford.edu/human stress/Home.shtml.
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