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A more recent version of this article appeared on January 1, 2006
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Submitted on July 5, 2005
Revised on September 29, 2005
Accepted on October 27, 2005
Institute for Cancer Studies, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
Monitoring Editor: Gerard Evan
Cells respond to DNA replication stress by triggering cell cycle checkpoints, repair, or death. To understand the role of the DNA damage response pathways in determining whether cells survive replication stress or become committed to death, we examined the effect of loss of these pathways on cellular response to agents that slow or arrest DNA synthesis. We show that replication inhibitors such as excess thymidine, hydroxyurea, and camptothecin are normally poor inducers of apoptosis. However these agents become potent inducers of death in S-phase cells upon siRNA mediated depletion of the checkpoint kinase Chk1. This death response is independent of p53 and Chk2. p21 deficient cells on the other hand produce a more robust apoptotic response upon Chk1 depletion. p21 is normally induced only late after thymidine treatment. In Chk1 depleted cells p21 induction occurs earlier and does not require p53. Thus Chk1 plays a primary role in the protection of cells from death induced by replication fork stress while p21 mediates through its role in regulating entry into S-phase. These findings are of potential importance to cancer therapy as we demonstrate that the efficacy of clinically relevant agents can be enhanced by manipulation of these signaling pathways.
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