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Cover  Individual substructures associated with the vertebrate nuclear pore complex can be resolved by confocal microscopy. Shown is a nucleus of a Xenopus XL177 cell immunostained for Nup214 (red), a nuclear pore protein that resides on the cytoplasmic filaments of the pore, and for Tpr (green), a pore-associated nuclear filament protein. Nup214 and Tpr are ~200 nm apart on the nuclear pore. The central panel shows the nuclear envelope of an entire nucleus, 12 µm in diameter. Two boxed regions of the nuclear envelope have been enlarged fourfold in the upper and lower panels for greater resolution. In the lower panel, enlargement of a region of the nuclear envelope allows visualization of discrete fluorescent entities, consistent with individual nuclear pores. The upper panel shows enlargement of a cross section through a large tubular invagination of the nuclear envelope. The center of the invagination contains cytoplasm. Nup214 is on the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope (lower panel) and on the cytoplasmic side of the invagination (upper panel). Tpr is on the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope (lower panel) and on the nuclear side of the invagination (upper panel). The nuclear pore is known to be ~120 nm in width but appears slightly larger here because of fluorescence scatter. Bar, ~1 µm. Modified from Shah, Tugendreich, and Forbes (1998). J. Cell Biol. 141, 31-49. Reproduced from The Journal of Cell Biology, 1998, 141, 31-49, by copyright permission of the Rockefeller University Press.Vivek Malhotra.