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Arabidopsis root tip nuclei treated with ionizing radiation. At left is an M-phase cell, with tightly condensed chromosomes in red, visualized by the DNA-intercalating dye DAPI. Antibodies to the plant γ-H2AX protein are visualized in green and form discrete chromosomal foci. Overlap of the green spots with red chromosomes generates yellow foci, which mark the sites of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks. The tubulin microtubules connected to the chromosomes are visualized in blue and are oriented perpendicular to the plane of the image. In contrast, the interphase cell at right contains diffuse nuclear DNA and γ-H2AX protein, with the cortical tubulin array in blue. (Image; Joanna D. Friesner, University of California, Davis)

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